Across
- 2. “Now as a man is like this or like that, according as he acts and according as he behaves, so will he be: a man of good acts will become good, a man of bad acts, bad. He becomes pure by pure deeds, bad by bad deeds.”
- 4. this river, along with the Indus and Brahmaputra rivers, forms a vast floodplain - the Indo-Gangetic Plain - in northern India / this area is well suited to agriculture with its fertile soil, favorable climate, and abundant water supply
- 5. historic region in northwestern India and Pakistan that experienced a centuries-long, gradual migration and cultural assimilation of the Indo-Aryans starting around 2000 BC
- 9. language family with 12 branches that include most of the languages of Europe, Persian, Sanskrit, and a number of extinct languages / all of these languages are descended from a single prehistoric language spoken during the Neolithic or early Bronze Age
- 14. held that upon death individual souls go temporarily to the World of the Fathers and then return to earth in a new incarnation / often visualized as a “wheel of life”
- 15. highest mountain range in the world / forms a natural barrier between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau in southwestern China
Down
- 1. (c. 3300-1300 BC) also known as the Indus Valley Civilization / an urban culture with huge mudbrick cities that emerged in what is now Pakistan, northern India, and Afghanistan / its cities exported precious stones, tropical woods, and metals westward that sailed up the Persian Gulf through a chain of coastal kingdoms from Oman to Kuwait
- 3. city along the Indus River that had a population of 40,000 people by approx. 2500 BCE / was the most advanced city in the world in terms of urban planning and especially sanitation - displayed a well-planned grid-like layout with straight, wide streets crossing each other at right angles
- 6. a Sanskrit word meaning "color" used to refer to the major social classes / terminology suggests that social distinctions arose partly from differences in complexion between the Aryans, who referred to themselves as "wheat-colored" and the darker-skinned Dravidians
- 7. river that originates in the Himalayas, cuts through modern Pakistan, and then empties into the Arabian Sea / river valley where the first major urban civilization in the Indian subcontinent emerged
- 8. collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the various gods of the Aryans / shed considerable light on early Aryan society in India
- 10. fifth most populous country / shared the most territory with the Indus Valley Civilization
- 11. in the Vedas, they are presented as invaders who conquered their way into the Punjab / their origins are unknown, with different experts pointing to either the Himalayas, Iran, or even Germany
- 12. refers to a social class of hereditary and usually unchangeable status / these identities developed slowly and gradually as Aryans established settlements throughout India
- 13. sacred language of the early Aryans - they did not use writing, but composed numerous poems and songs / also the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, the world's oldest religion