Across
- 4. A material with air pockets that reduces heat transfer, making it an effective thermal insulator.
- 5. system A system where energy (heat) can be exchanged with the surroundings, but matter cannot, such as a sealed thermos that allows heat transfer but keeps the liquid inside.
- 9. The limitations or restrictions in a thermal energy system, such as budget, available materials, or size constraints for an insulating container.
- 11. The transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between materials, such as heat moving through a metal spoon in hot soup.
- 13. light Light that passes through a material; certain materials allow both light and heat energy to pass, affecting temperature.
- 14. The average value of a set of thermal energy measurements, such as the average temperature recorded over time.
- 16. system A system where both energy (heat) and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings, such as a boiling pot of water without a lid.
- 18. energy The total energy of molecular motion in a substance, depending on both temperature and the number of particles present.
- 20. A system that uses trapped air to slow down heat transfer, since air is a poor conductor of thermal energy.
- 21. A material that does not allow light or thermal energy to pass through easily, such as a thick blanket used to insulate heat.
- 22. The process where a liquid absorbs thermal energy and changes into a gas, such as water turning into vapor when heated.
- 23. A representation (physical, mathematical, or conceptual) used to describe and predict how thermal energy behaves within a system.
- 26. The process where gas loses thermal energy and changes into a liquid, such as water vapor forming droplets on a cold surface.
Down
- 1. A measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance, determining how hot or cold it is.
- 2. The process where a material takes in thermal energy, causing an increase in temperature.
- 3. variable The factor that is intentionally changed in an experiment related to thermal energy, such as the type of insulation used in a heat retention test.
- 6. A system designed to minimize heat transfer by using a vacuum (absence of air) to prevent conduction and convection, such as in a thermos.
- 7. energy The energy of motion; in thermal energy, it refers to the movement of molecules, where higher kinetic energy means a higher temperature.
- 8. A factor that can change within an experiment involving thermal energy, such as temperature, material type, or insulation.
- 10. A defined space or object where thermal energy is observed, transferred, or measured. It can include substances, materials, or mechanisms involved in heat exchange.
- 12. light Light that bounces off a surface instead of being absorbed; reflective materials can reduce thermal energy absorption, such as aluminum foil.
- 15. variable A factor that is kept constant in an experiment involving thermal energy to ensure a fair test, such as using the same material for insulation when testing different heat sources.
- 17. The desired features or requirements for a thermal energy system, such as needing insulation that keeps liquids hot for at least one hour.
- 19. The transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler one due to a temperature difference.
- 23. The smallest unit of a substance that retains its properties; in thermal energy, molecules move faster as they gain heat, increasing temperature.
- 24. variable The factor that is measured in response to the independent variable, such as the final temperature of a liquid after applying different insulating materials.
- 25. A material that allows most light and some thermal energy to pass through, like glass in a greenhouse trapping heat.