Across
- 1. allows for communication between air cells of the mastoid and the epitympanic recess (3 words)
- 4. the ________ crus of the stapes is the wider, longer, and curvier crus
- 7. the portion of the temporal bone houses the sensory organs of hearing and balance
- 9. CN VII (2 words)
- 14. the deflection of the _____ at the base of the SCCs causes the hair cells to be sheared
- 17. this wall of the ME houses a semicanal the tensor tympani enters through, the Eustachian tube, and chorda tympani
- 18. the ________ vestibular nerve is made up of nerve fibers from the posterior SCC and Saccule
- 20. the loss of energy due to friction, not related to frequency
- 22. the vestibulocolic reflex is a ______ reflex as it assists in maintaining the head in horizontal gaze orientation relative to gravity but independent to trunk movement
- 23. the narrowest point of the EAC
- 26. small perforations in the osseous spiral lamina that allow nerve fibers to pass through
- 28. the auditory nerve is known as the auditory ______ because damage here can result in dysfunction at or beyond this point
- 29. the interaural timing difference occurs due to the difference in the _______ of a sound as it arrives at each ear
- 33. the medial wall of the ME is made up of the prominence of the lateral semicircular canal, oval window, _________ and round window
- 38. the _______ between the TM and oval window is the mechanism that accounts for 24.6 dB SPL (2 words)
- 40. the ossicular chain is _______ in the ME cavity by its attachment to the TM by the manubrium and to the oval window by the stapes footplate and by various tendons and ligaments
- 44. the tympanic annulus is a _________ ring that attaches the tympanic membrane to the tympanic sulcus
- 45. AN fibers with a ______ spontaneous firing rate respond to low intensities
- 48. a pure tone does not contain ________ making it optimal for testing specific points of the cochlea
- 51. the propeoreciptors in the muscles of the limbs, the eyes, and the vestibular system are the three ways we maintain _________
- 53. the chorda tympani nerve travels through the ME space through the posterior wall, between the ossicular chain to the anterior wall and deals with ________
- 54. low and moderate intensities cause the stapes to move along the _________ axis
- 55. the ET serves to equalize the less compressible air pressure in the middle ear with the _________
- 56. the rarefaction phase cause the BM to reflect ______ and leads to depolarization of hair cells
- 59. the left anterior SCC is paired with the right ______ SCC
- 60. the tympanic _______ is a groove in the bony wall of the EAC
- 62. the dynamic range of an AN fiber is it's threshold to it's point of ________
- 64. the middle ear muscles pull in essentially ______ directions stiffening the ossicular chain
- 65. spinning sensation caused by dysfunction in the vestibular system
- 66. air molecules oscillate and hit neighboring air molecules and _________ the energy to them
- 67. OHCs ______ in response to rarefaction
- 69. the pH of cerumen is ______
- 71. the SCCs are approximately ________ (90 degrees) from each other
- 74. the EAC first travels _____________ then posterosuperiorly and then _____________
- 76. the ________ plane divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior
- 78. the SOC is the first place in the auditory system where there is _______ representation of monaural acoustic input
- 79. the cartilaginous portion of the EAC is __________ as the epidermal lining moves outward (2 words)
- 81. the largest portion of the temporal bones that forms the superior wall of the EAC
- 83. the EAC gives a 10-15 dB _____ to frequencies between 3000-4000 Hz
- 84. OHCs are directly sheared because they are imbedded to the tectorial membrane and IHCs are imposed by the ______ of the endolymph flow imposed on them
- 90. the basilar membrane is shorter and more stiff at the _____
- 91. the inner layer of the TM is continuous with the ________ lining of the ME space
- 92. hair cells of the SCCs are located in the _______ ampullaris on the ampulla
- 93. the intertragal _____ (or incisure)is between the tragus and antitragus
- 95. the vestibulo-ocular reflex ________ our gaze when we are turning our heads- the eyes move opposite to head movement
- 97. bone that forms the framework of support and protection for the outer, middle, and inner ear as well as the 7th and 8th cranial nerve
- 99. CN V (2 words)
- 100. outer hair cell are embedded in this gelatinous flap that covers the length of the organ of corti (2 words)
- 101. the TM is attached to the tympanic ______ by the tympanic annulus
- 102. the _____ zone is the inner section of the BM that courses from the osseous spiral lamina to the outer pillar cells
- 103. the ________ foramen is the opening between the two crura of the stapes
Down
- 2. the products of the _______ glands and ceruminous glands combine to create cerumen
- 3. portion of the wave when molecules are close together
- 5. Low frequency sounds are more affected by the ________ of a system
- 6. the function of the _____ is to collect acoustic energy into the EAC, best at collecting frequencies 5000 and above
- 8. calcium carbon crystals that sit on top of the jelly like structure in the macula. they add mass and allow for the hair cells the be sheared.
- 10. ______ muscles are vestigial in humans meaning it serves no functional purpose
- 11. the ET courses to the posterior aspect of the nasopharynx in a inferior, ______, and anterior direction
- 12. _______ type I AN fibers innervate a single IHC
- 13. Claudian cells provide ________ to the basilar membrance
- 15. the endolymphatic duct regulates endolymphatic ______ to avoid the overproduction/under absorption of endolymph
- 16. the semicircular canals are arranged in pairs so that when one is excited the other is _______
- 19. the middle layer of the TM is made up of ______ fibers and circular fibers
- 21. the apex of the cochlea is oriented anteriorly and slightly laterally pointing towards the ________
- 24. The stria vascularis maintains endocochlear potential by ___________ endolymph
- 25. the combination and integration of information arriving from the two ears (at the SOC)
- 27. ______ membrane separates the scala vestibuli and scala media and keeps their fluids separate
- 30. in the posterior and superior canal the ________ is located on the canal side
- 31. allows the tendon of the stapedius muscle to enter through the posterior wall of the middle ear (2 words)
- 32. kinocilium of the saccule are oriented _____ from the striola
- 34. The EAC functions as a ________ resonator enhancing sounds four times its length (2 words)
- 35. the frequency that hair cells are most sensitive, meaning they respond at the lowest intensity, is known as the _________ frequency
- 36. the striola is the invisible _______ of the otolith organs
- 37. the _______ of the incus is a true ball and socket joint that articulates with the stapes (2 words)
- 39. the round window _______ the movement of the traveling wave
- 41. the short process of the ______ acts as a fulcrum to assist in the lever action of the ossicular chain
- 42. because the striola is ______ their will be a portion of the saccule and utricle that is excited and one portion that is inhibited
- 43. open ion channels when the stereocilia are deflected towards the tallest stereocilia
- 46. pitch, yaw, and roll are _____ motions that excite or inhibit different SCC
- 47. muscle innervated by the facial nerve
- 49. the upper shelf of the osseous spiral lamina is continuous with the _______ and serves as a point of attachment for the tectorial membrane (2 words)
- 50. the different _________ of the reticular lamina and tectorial membrane allows them to move relative to each other (2 words)
- 52. the bony portion of the ear canal is the ______ 2/3
- 57. the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are filled with ______ which is high in sodium and low in potassium
- 58. the petrous pyramid divides the middle cranial ______ and posterior cranial ______
- 61. the tonotopic organization of the auditory nerve organizes low frequencies toward the ______
- 62. the tendon of the tensor tympani muscle enter the middle ear space through a _______ in the anterior wall
- 63. the tegmen tympani is a thin piece of bone that forms the _____ of the ME
- 68. explanation that AN fibers can only fire at a max. rate of 800 times per second so frequencies that are higher rely on multiple AN fibers to lock onto the same phase of multiple cycles (2 words)
- 70. _______ cells support outer hair cells as they sit in them
- 72. which window opens into the scala vestibuli?
- 73. the point at which the Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani communicate
- 75. the lateral process and cone of light reflex are located on the ______ side of the ear that is being observed
- 77. mass and stiffness reactances are opposites and the frequencies at which they cancel out is known as the ________ frequency
- 80. contains 3 important auditory structures (Heschl's gyrus, planum temporale, and insula) located deep within the posterior half of the sylvian fissure
- 81. Type I fibers are myelinated by _____ cells in Rosenthal's canal
- 82. the release of _____ causes the activation of of the AN across the synaptic cleft
- 85. the condyle of the ______ makes up the inferior-anterior wall of the EAC
- 86. _______ flow causes displacement toward the ampulla. the horizontal canal is excited by this flow
- 87. vestibular organ with a horizontal orientation and the kinocilium are oriented towards the striola
- 88. when sound travels from air to _______ there is a loss of intensity
- 89. contraction of the ________ veli palatini and the levator veli palatine causes the cartilaginous portion of the ET to open
- 94. _______ fibers are descending neurons that send signals from the nervous system to the cochlea, these mostly communicate with OHCs
- 96. the tunnel of corti is formed by the inner and outer ______ cells
- 98. the intermediate cells of the stria vascular contains ______