Across
- 3. The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
- 4. A focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed.
- 6. Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
- 9. The mistaken belief that past outcomes affect the odds
- 13. The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information.
- 15. A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
- 17. Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.
- 19. Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
- 23. A simple thinking strategy — a mental shortcut — that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.
- 25. The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.
- 26. Functions: Higher-level cognitive processes (associated with the prefrontal cortex) that enable planning, organizing, regulating attention, and carrying out goal-directed behavior.
- 29. The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
- 31. A newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory.
- 32. An inability to remember information from one’s past.
- 33. Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information.
- 34. A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
- 35. Judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
- 36. According to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
Down
- 1. A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
- 2. Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.
- 5. Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
- 7. Continuing to invest time, money, or effort into a losing endeavor simply because of resources already spent.
- 8. A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a this is a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a crow).
- 10. A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance — the greater the disparity between two images, the closer the object.
- 11. A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
- 12. The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information.
- 14. Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood.
- 16. Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
- 18. Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
- 20. Retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (also called declarative memory).
- 21. Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory).
- 22. The persistence of one’s initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
- 24. An inability to form new memories.
- 27. Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
- 28. A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
- 30. The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it’s supposed to.