Across
- 2. / bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
- 5. Sperry / said that split-brain surgery leaves people "with two separate minds" Both hemispheres comprehend and follow an instruction to copy simultaneously.
- 11. neuroscience / the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
- 13. nervous system / the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. (skeletal nervous system)
- 15. (afferent) neurons / neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
- 17. (computerized tomography) scan / a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's structure
- 19. / a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
- 20. / a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward
- 21. Wernicke / German investigator that helped lead to the discovery of specialized language brain areas. Damage to Wernicke's area disrupts understanding
- 23. / the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
- 25. / a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
- 28. / a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
- 30. nervous system / the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
- 33. potential / a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
- 34. glands / the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
- 35. / the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands
- 37. / the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory
- 39. / the formation of new neurons
- 41. / threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
- 43. system / the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
- 44. / chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on receiving neuron
- 46. / a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response
- 47. period / a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
- 50. lobes / portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear
- 51. / "morphine within" - natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
- 52. formation / a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal
- 55. cells (glia) / cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking
- 56. / the proportion of variation among the individuals that we can attribute to genes. The ____ of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environment studied
- 58. lobes / portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgment
- 59. response / a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing
- 60. / the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
- 61. / a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
- 62. nervous system / the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
- 64. / chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues
- 68. genetics / the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
- 69. twins (monozygotic twins) / twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
- 71. (positron emission tomography) scan / a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
- 72. genetics / the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
- 74. selection / Charles Darwin. the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
- 75. system / neural system (hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
- 76. processing / the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Down
- 1. (deoxyribonucleic acid) / a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
- 3. / a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
- 4. / tissue destruction. a brain ___ is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
- 6. / the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
- 7. lobes / portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields
- 8. psychology / the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes
- 9. cortex / an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement
- 10. cortex / area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
- 11. nervous system / the brain and the spinal cord
- 12. / the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
- 14. / our awareness of ourselves and our environment
- 16. / the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
- 18. / the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins
- 22. sheath / a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage-like node to the next
- 24. (magnetic resonance imaging) / a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. Shows brain anatomy
- 26. / every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
- 27. Darwin / evolutionary psychologist that created the survival of the fittest and natural selection
- 29. / the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
- 31. (EEG) / an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
- 32. psychology / the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
- 35. areas / areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
- 36. system / the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system
- 38. callosum / the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
- 40. twins (dizygotic twins) / twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment
- 42. / neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
- 45. glands / a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress
- 48. cortex / the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center
- 49. / the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions
- 53. nervous system / the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
- 54. / the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience; brain's ability to modify itself after damage
- 57. / the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)
- 63. nervous system / the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs.
- 65. brain / a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them
- 66. lobes / portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position
- 67. / the basic building block of the nervous system
- 68. Gazzangia / split-brain experiments. would ask people to stare at a dot as he slashed HE.ART on a screen. HE appeared in their left visual field and ART appeared in the right field. This taught that the right field transmits to the left hemisphere, and each hemisphere reported what it had seen
- 70. / two lima-bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion
- 71. Broca / French physician that helped lead to the discovery of specialized language brain areas. Damage to Broca's area disrupts speaking
- 73. (functional MRI) / a technique for revealing blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. Shows brain function as well as its structure