Across
- 1. Pesticide that breaks down relatively rapidly, usually in weeks or months, and have fewer long-term effects but because they must be applied more often their overall environmental impact is not always lower than that of persistent pesticides.
- 5. The average concentration of an element in Earth’s crust.
- 6. The tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted if it is not regulated in some way.
- 9. A pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms.
- 10. The process of digging deep into the soil and turning it over.
- 12. A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.
- 15. Excessive grazing that can reduce or remove vegetation and erode and compact the soil.
- 16. A trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive.
- 17. The removal of overlying vegetation and “strips” of soil and rock to expose underlying ore.
- 19. A mining technique that creates a large visible pit or hole in the ground.
- 21. The decline of a fish population by 90 percent or more.
- 22. An agricultural method in which land is cleared and farmed for only a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients.
- 23. A commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region.
- 24. A form of irrigation where the farmer digs trenches, or furrows, along the crop rows, and fills them with water.
- 25. Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth.
- 27. The process of looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in river sediments.
- 28. The fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced.
- 29. The uppermost level at which the groundwater in a given area fully saturates the rock or soil.
- 30. A substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests.
- 32. Unwanted waste material created during mining; chemical compounds and rock residues that are left behind after the desired metal or ore is removed.
- 33. Total daily per capita use of freshwater for a country or the world.
- 35. The preparation of soil through a variety of activities including plowing but also including stirring, digging, and cultivating.
- 37. A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, that resulted in increased food output.
- 41. The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing.
- 42. A pesticide that specifically targets fungi (the plural of fungus).
- 44. A pesticide that remains in the environment for years to decades.
- 46. Land dominated by trees and other woody vegetation and sometimes used for commercial logging.
- 48. The process by which water from precipitation percolates through the soil into groundwater.
- 50. An area surrounding a well that does not contain groundwater.
- 51. The feeding of herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances.
- 53. Dry, open grassland primarily used for grazing cattle.
- 54. The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.
- 55. An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety.
- 56. A 1973 U.S. law designed to protect plant and animal species that are threatened with extinction, and the habitats that support those species.
- 59. A well created by drilling a hole into a confined aquifer.
- 60. Porous rock covered by soil.
- 62. The cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service or otherwise accounted for.
- 63. The cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service or otherwise accounted for.
Down
- 2. A large area typically planted with a single fast growing tree species.
- 3. A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods.
- 4. Pore spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment underneath the soil that store groundwater.
- 7. Farming for consumption by the farming family and maybe a few neighbors.
- 8. A form of irrigation where an entire field is flooded with water.
- 11. Surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay, which impedes water flow to or from the aquifer.
- 13. A mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives.
- 14. A concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted.
- 18. A form of irrigation where a slowly dripping hose on the ground or buried beneath the soil delivers water directly to the plant roots.
- 20. An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy and to perform other important functions.
- 25. A form of irrigation where water is pumped into an apparatus that contains a series of spray nozzles.
- 26. Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization to the production of food.
- 31. A pesticide that kills many different types of pest.
- 34. A method of harvesting trees that involves removing all or almost all of the trees within an area.
- 36. A pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops.
- 38. A pesticide that specifically targets rodents.
- 39. Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels.
- 40. Human-made pond lined with rubber built to handle large quantities of manure produced by livestock.
- 43. Fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals.
- 45. Water that naturally percolates up to the surface.
- 46. Allowing animals to graze outdoors on grass for most or all of their lifecycle.
- 47. Pavement or other surfaces that do not allow water penetration.
- 49. The method of harvesting trees that involves the removal of single trees or a relatively small number of trees from the larger forest.
- 52. A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops.
- 57. A large indoor or outdoor structure designed for maximum occupancy of animals and maximum output of meat.
- 58. In resource management, the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered.
- 61. An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs.