Genetics

6. The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, forming messenger RNA (mRNA).
7. The process of gradual change in the genetic composition of populations over time, leading to the development of new species.
9. The repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from degradation.
10. Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
12. The crossing of two genetically different individuals to produce offspring with desirable traits.
15. One of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome, held together by a centromere.
17. The addition of a segment of DNA into an existing genetic sequence.
18. The union of male and female gametes (sperm and egg cells) to form a zygote.
20. The specialized region of a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together during cell division.
21. Complex molecules composed of amino acids that perform various biological functions in cells.
22. The study of the structure, function, and interactions of proteins within an organism.

1. The transfer of a segment of DNA from one chromosome to another.
2. An enzyme that maintains the length of telomeres, which protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration.
3. A segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional product, such as a protein or RNA molecule.
4. A segment of DNA or RNA that codes for a functional protein or RNA molecule after being transcribed and spliced.
5. The process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins based on the information carried by mRNA.
8. A region of DNA that initiates the transcription of a gene and regulates its expression.
11. The creation of new molecules, such as proteins, through a series of chemical reactions.
13. The process by which genetic material is passed from parent to offspring.
14. A mutation that shifts the reading frame of a genetic sequence, often resulting in nonfunctional proteins.
16. A segment of DNA that does not code for a functional protein and is spliced out during RNA processing.
19. A thread-like structure composed of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next.