Across
- 3. the first organ of the digestive system where mechanical digestion through chewing and chemical digestion through enzymes begin.
- 8. the long coiled organ where most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur.
- 11. macromolecules such as DNA and RNA that store and transmit genetic information.
- 12. large molecules composed of amino acids that perform functions such as structure, transport, defense, and catalyzing chemical reactions.
- 13. a hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid entering the small intestine.
- 14. hydrophobic organic molecules such as fats, oils, and phospholipids that store energy, provide insulation, and form cell membranes.
- 15. large biological molecules made from smaller repeating units (monomers), including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that perform important functions in living organisms.
- 16. digestive enzymes that break carbohydrates into simple sugars.
- 17. inorganic nutrients needed for body processes such as enzyme function, bone formation, and maintaining fluid balance.
- 21. a muscular organ that mechanically churns food and chemically digests proteins using acid and enzymes.
- 22. a large organ that produces bile, processes nutrients, detoxifies harmful substances, and stores energy.
- 23. the section of the digestive tract that absorbs water and forms feces from undigested material.
- 25. a digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks proteins into smaller peptide fragments.
- 27. wave-like contractions of smooth muscle that move food through the digestive tract.
- 28. an enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller sugar molecules such as maltose.
- 31. small finger-like projections lining the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
- 32. rhythmic contractions in the small intestine that mix food with digestive enzymes and increase nutrient absorption.
- 33. an organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin to regulate blood sugar.
Down
- 1. a muscular valve that regulates the passage of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine.
- 2. digestive enzymes that break proteins into amino acids or smaller peptides.
- 4. a chemical reaction that breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules through the addition of water.
- 5. the first section of the small intestine where digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver enter to continue digestion.
- 6. digestive enzymes that break lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
- 7. a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together by removing a molecule of water to form a larger molecule or polymer.
- 9. tiny projections on intestinal cells that further increase surface area and efficiency of nutrient absorption.
- 10. organic compounds required in small amounts that help regulate metabolic processes and maintain normal body functions.
- 18. a small organ that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.
- 19. hardened deposits that form in the gall bladder from bile components.
- 20. a muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach.
- 24. a circular muscle that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach and prevents stomach contents from flowing backward.
- 26. organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve mainly as a source of energy and structural support in organisms.
- 29. a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction.
- 30. a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up chemical reactions in living cells.