Across
- 4. A chromosomal mutation where a segment of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in reverse order
- 6. The process of copying a segment of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA)
- 8. A biotechnological product used to stimulate the body's immune response against specific diseases
- 11. A biomolecule that serves as the primary source of energy for the body
- 12. A genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) that alters the reading frame
- 16. The process where a ribosome decodes mRNA to synthesize a specific protein
- 17. The biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original molecule
- 19. The first commercial medical product manufactured using recombinant DNA technology to treat diabetes
- 21. Chromosomal ______; a departure from the normal structural or numerical configuration of chromosomes
- 22. A type of point mutation where a single nitrogenous base is swapped for another
- 23. Any permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of an organism
- 30. A very large molecule, such as a protein, essential for cellular structure
- 34. Gene ______; the process by which instructions in DNA are converted into a functional protein
- 35. The cellular organelle where protein translation takes place
- 36. A form of inheritance wherein the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed
- 38. An organic compound like fats and oils that is insoluble in water
- 39. A mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out or lost
- 40. The observable physical traits or characteristics of an organism
Down
- 1. A genetic cross between individuals involving a single pair of contrasting traits
- 2. ______ enzyme; a protein that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule
- 3. A condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei (e.g., Down syndrome)
- 5. ACID A biomolecule like DNA or RNA that carries genetic codes
- 7. ______ DNA; molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination to bring together genetic material from multiple sources
- 9. The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism.
- 10. The use of living organisms, like microbes, to clean up contaminated environments and pollutants
- 13. The genetic principle where one allele masks or overrides the effect of a different allele
- 14. — The structural, functional, or physiological differences between individuals of the same population
- 15. A type of inheritance pattern that follows the laws set by Gregor Mendel
- 18. The complete genetic makeup or allele combination of an individual organism
- 20. A genetic cross between individuals involving two different distinct traits
- 24. A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence
- 25. The full chemical word for the "D" in DNA
- 26. A mutation in which a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a non-homologous chromosome
- 27. A large molecule composed of amino acids required for cell structure and function
- 28. The basic structural subunit or building block of nucleic acids
- 29. A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA, often found in bacteria
- 31. One of two or more alternative states or versions of a specific gene
- 32. A broad type of mutation that alters or affects the entire structure or number of chromosomes
- 33. The full chemical word for the "R" in RNA, essential for protein synthesis.
- 37. A DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell