Across
- 3. a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
- 4. a cell communication pathway mediated by extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides.
- 7. a cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate.
- 9. the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
- 12. an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
- 13. A chemical substance found in drinks such as beer, wine, and liquor.
- 15. a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
- 19. the smallest unit that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.
- 20. a chemical element with an atomic number of 8.
- 23. the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms.
- 25. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.
- 26. is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
- 27. is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein.
- 28. A product of fermentation.
- 31. are organisms whose cells have a nucleus.
- 32. a nucleoside phosphate comprised of a ribonucleoside and two phosphate groups.
- 33. a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier.
- 34. a type of respiration where oxygen is not used or scarce.
- 35. is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
- 37. is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
- 39. is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes.
- 40. the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Down
- 1. is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against the concentration gradient.
- 2. a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions.
- 5. is similar to paracrine signaling but there is a special structure called the synapse between the cell originating and the cell receiving the signal.
- 6. Is a necessary function of everyday life and could not occur without ATP.
- 8. a colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas, the chemical element of atomic number 1.
- 10. A molecule made up of amino acids.
- 11. is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas.
- 14. Fermentation a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
- 16. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production.
- 17. A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates.
- 18. A large group of single-cell microorganisms. Some cause infections and disease in animals and humans.
- 21. Is a reaction that use atp through catabolism of ketone bodies.
- 22. a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate.
- 24. a central metabolic coenzyme/cosubstrate involved in cellular energy metabolism and energy production.
- 29. a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
- 30. a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.
- 36. an important “energy molecule” found in all life forms.
- 38. a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.