Across
- 2. is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes.
- 8. is an important mechanism by which cells can respond to their environment and extracellular cues.
- 10. a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.
- 12. Is a reaction that use atp through catabolism of ketone bodies.
- 15. is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas.
- 16. a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
- 17. a cell communication pathway mediated by extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides.
- 18. a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
- 21. the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.
- 23. A large group of single-cell microorganisms. Some cause infections and disease in animals and humans.
- 26. a colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas, the chemical element of atomic number 1.
- 27. is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
- 30. a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.
- 32. A product of fermentation.
- 33. a nucleoside phosphate comprised of a ribonucleoside and two phosphate groups.
- 34. the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
- 35. A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates.
- 36. is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
- 37. an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
- 38. A molecule made up of amino acids.
- 39. a chemical element with an atomic number of 8
- 40. the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
- 41. a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution. Happens in muscle cells.
Down
- 1. a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
- 3. is similar to paracrine signaling but there is a special structure called the synapse between the cell originating and the cell receiving the signal.
- 4. are organisms whose cells have a nucleus
- 5. an important “energy molecule” found in all life forms.
- 6. A chemical substance found in drinks such as beer, wine, and liquor.
- 7. a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions
- 9. is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against the concentration gradient.
- 11. a type of respiration where oxygen is not used or scarce.
- 13. the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
- 14. is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein
- 19. is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
- 20. a cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate
- 22. a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.
- 24. a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH
- 25. a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
- 28. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production.
- 29. Is a necessary function of everyday life and could not occur without ATP
- 31. a central metabolic coenzyme/cosubstrate involved in cellular energy metabolism and energy production.