Across
- 5. Capacity defining the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration (TV + IRV + ERV).
- 7. Primary site of gas exchange in human lungs.
- 11. Medullary area highly sensitive to CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration.
- 14. Thin elastic cartilaginous flap that prevents the entry of food into the larynx during swallowing.
- 17. Artery containing peripheral chemoreceptors that recognize changes in CO2 and H+ levels.
- 19. Cartilaginous box that helps in sound production, also known as the voice box.
- 21. Shape of the curve obtained when percentage saturation of hemoglobin with O2 is plotted against $pO_2$.
- 25. Straight tube extending up to the midthoracic cavity which divides at the 5th thoracic vertebra level.
- 26. Chronic respiratory disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged, majorly caused by cigarette smoking.
- 27. Pressure of an individual gas in a mixture of gases, denoted as pO2 or pCO2.
- 29. Region of the brainstem containing the pneumotaxic center.
- 30. Process that takes place when intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure.
- 32. Region of the brain containing the primary respiratory rhythm center.
- 34. Respiration carried out via specialized vascularized structures called gills in aquatic animals.
- 35. Primary physical process by which exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs at the alveolar and tissue levels.
Down
- 1. Occupational respiratory disorder caused by long exposure to grinding or stone-breaking industries.
- 2. Opening of the larynx in the pharynx region, covered by epiglottis during swallowing.
- 3. Compound formed when CO2 binds to the amino-group of hemoglobin (20-25% transport).
- 4. Factor affecting gas diffusion rate across membranes, which is 20-25 times higher for CO2 than O2.
- 6. Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forceful expiration (~1100 to 1200 mL).
- 8. Portion of the respiratory system from external nostrils to terminal bronchioles that clears, warms, and humidifies air.
- 9. Mode of respiration through moist skin, seen in earthworms and frogs.
- 10. Arch containing chemoreceptors that send signals to the rhythm center for remedial actions.
- 12. Clinical apparatus used to estimate the volume of air involved in breathing movements.
- 13. Common passage for both food and air.
- 15. Double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs with fluid that reduces friction on the lung surface.
- 16. Enzyme (Carbonic _____) present in high concentration in RBCs that accelerates CO2 conversion to HCO3-.
- 18. Thoracic vertebra level where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi.
- 20. External and internal muscles located between the ribs that aid in breathing mechanisms.
- 22. Major primary muscle of inspiration, shape is dome-like when relaxed.
- 23. Principal ion form (HCO3-) in which about 70 percent of CO2 is transported by blood.
- 24. Respiratory disorder characterized by difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.
- 28. Chemical form in which about 97 percent of oxygen is transported in the blood.
- 31. Process initiated by the contraction of the diaphragm which increases the volume of the thoracic chamber antero-posteriorly.
- 33. Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration (~500 mL).