Across
- 4. A pulmonary embolus blocks blood flow to ventilated alveoli. Which component of gas exchange is directly reduced: ventilation or perfusion?
- 7. A person cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 because a required gastric secretion is missing. Which secretion is missing? Enter two words without spaces.
- 8. Damage to which gastric cells would reduce both hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor secretion? _____ cells.
- 10. H2 blockers reduce stomach acid secretion by blocking receptors for which messenger?
- 12. Partially digested proteins stimulate G cells to release which hormone that increases gastric secretion?
- 13. What is the physiological term for swallowing?
- 18. You smell a meal before taking your first bite, and gastric secretion increases. Which phase of gastric regulation is occurring?
- 19. If CO2 accumulates because of inadequate ventilation, the resulting fall in blood pH produces respiratory _____.
- 23. Which sphincter regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum? _____ sphincter.
- 24. Asthma reduces airflow reaching alveoli. Which component of gas exchange is directly reduced: ventilation or perfusion?
- 26. After a meal, which autonomic division generally stimulates digestive secretion and motility?
- 27. Which protein transports most oxygen in the blood?
- 28. Intestinal contents need mixing rather than forward propulsion. Which muscular movement performs this function?
- 30. Acidic, fatty chyme enters the duodenum and triggers feedback that slows gastric activity. Which phase is occurring?
- 32. If prolonged hyperventilation removes excessive CO2, the resulting rise in blood pH produces respiratory _____.
- 33. What term describes how tightly hemoglobin binds oxygen?
- 34. How many oxygen molecules can one fully occupied hemoglobin molecule carry?
- 35. Which salivary enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion before food reaches the stomach?
Down
- 1. A person breathes too slowly or shallowly to remove enough CO2. What breathing pattern is this?
- 2. Chewing and stomach churning physically break food apart during _____ digestion.
- 3. Oxygen crosses from alveolar air into blood by moving down its partial-pressure gradient through what process?
- 5. When tissue PO2 falls, does hemoglobin favor oxygen loading or unloading?
- 6. In warm, acidic, metabolically active tissues (exercising, for example), hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen _____.
- 8. Once activated, which gastric enzyme begins digesting proteins?
- 9. During exercise, working muscles become warmer and produce more CO2 and H+. In which direction does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shift?
- 11. Food enters and stretches the stomach, activating reflexes that increase secretion. Which phase is occurring?
- 14. What effect describes increased oxygen release from hemoglobin when CO2 and acidity increase?
- 15. Which gastric cells release the inactive protein-digesting enzyme precursor pepsinogen? _____ cells.
- 16. A swallowed bolus must move toward the stomach. Which wave-like muscular process propels it?
- 17. When blood encounters the high PO2 of the lungs, does hemoglobin favor oxygen loading or unloading?
- 20. Enzymes break food’s chemical bonds during _____ digestion.
- 21. During a fight-or-flight response, which autonomic division generally inhibits digestive activity?
- 22. What inactive precursor is converted into pepsin after secretion into the stomach?
- 25. Nutrients have been digested but still must cross the intestinal wall into blood or lymph. What process must occur next?
- 29. Most CO2 entering blood from tissues is ultimately transported as which ion?
- 31. What term describes a low blood oxygen level?