Across
- 3. Although he was killed in the Philippines, this explorer is celebrated because his remaining crew became the first people to sail completely around the globe.
- 4. United by advanced firearms, armor, and determination, these Spanish explorers and conquerors successfully colonized the Americas.
- 5. To grow sugar, tobacco, and cotton in the Americas, European colonists established large agricultural estates known as __________, which relied heavily on enslaved labor.
- 8. A document sold by the Catholic Church that was believed to release the buyer from all or part of the punishment for sin.
- 11. This Portuguese explorer successfully rounded the tip of Africa and sailed directly to India, securing a highly profitable spice route for his country.
- 14. A form of government developed in ancient Rome where the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote for representatives.
- 15. This Renaissance "Renaissance Man" was a master painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician, famous for painting the Mona Lisa.
- 16. The intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history.
- 18. King __________ VIII established the Church of England primarily because the Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
- 21. The massive exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Old and New Worlds following 1492 is known as the __________ Exchange.
- 22. This wealthy and powerful banking family ran the government of Florence from behind the scenes and used their fortune to lavishly patronize Renaissance artists.
- 23. To establish a colony or commercial monopoly in the Americas, European monarchs usually granted a written document known as a __________.
- 24. Originating in the Roman province of Judea, this major world religion spread throughout the Roman Empire and eventually became the official religion, significantly shaping Western civilization.
- 25. The Spanish conquistador who marched into the heart of the Aztec Empire and overthrew the king Montezuma.
Down
- 1. Believing he could reach Asia by sailing west, this explorer instead made landfall in the Caribbean, opening up the Americas to European settlement.
- 2. John Calvin's core theological belief that God has already determined long ago who will be saved and who will be damned.
- 6. Queen Isabella granted Spanish settlers a system called __________, which allowed them to use Native Americans as laborers, though it often led to brutal abuse.
- 7. In the Renaissance social structure, the middle class made up of shopkeepers, artisans, and guild masters were known as __________.
- 9. The Renaissance author of The Prince, who famously argued that a political leader must be willing to do whatever is necessary to keep power, even if it is considered evil.
- 10. Unlike many ancient empires that practiced polytheism, Judaism introduced a strict belief in one God called __________.
- 12. This German monk started the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg.
- 13. The ancient Greek city-state known for its highly disciplined, militaristic society, which stood in sharp contrast to the democratic system of its rival city.
- 17. The forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, notorious for its brutal and deadly conditions, was called the __________ Passage.
- 19. This radical Protestant group strongly advocated for the complete separation of church and state and refused to bear arms.
- 20. Meaning "rebirth," this period in European history marked a massive revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman art, architecture, and learning.