Across
- 3. A type of respiration in which oxygen is used to release energy from substances such as glucose.
- 4. A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.
- 6. The waste product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells.
- 11. A wall of tissue. The ______in the heart completely separates the chambers on the right from those on the left.
- 12. The major artery leading away from the heart.
- 13. A waste product made in the liver from excess amino acids.
- 14. The removal of waste materials that have been produced inside an organism.
- 16. The red, iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells.
- 19. A tiny blood vessel with thin walls to allow for the transfer of substances between the blood and tissues.
- 23. Another term for red blood cell.
- 24. A sugar produced by the digestion of carbohydrates and needed for respiration.
- 27. A small pocket in the lungs in which gases are exchanged between the air and the blood.
- 31. The volume of blood the heart can pump out with each beat.
- 32. A muscular organ in the circulatory system that pumps blood around the body.
- 34. A strand of tissue used to connect other tissues. The _______in the heart connect the valves with the heart walls.
- 35. A protein produced by lymphocytes. It attaches to a specific antigen on a microorganism and helps to destroy or neutralise it.
- 36. An enclosed space. A human heart has four chambers.
- 38. A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
- 39. output The volume of blood the heart can pump out in one minute. It is calculated using the equation:
- 40. A biconcave disc containing haemoglobin that gives blood its red colour and carries oxygen around the body to the tissues. Also known as an erythrocyte.
- 41. An electrical signal transmitted along a neurone.
- 42. A type of blood cell that forms part of the body’s defence system against disease.
- 43. To become smaller. When muscles contract, they shorten and become fatter.
Down
- 1. A type of reaction in which energy is transferred to the surroundings from the reactants. This energy transfer usually causes the temperature of the surroundings to rise.
- 2. A type of respiration in which oxygen is used to release energy from substances such as glucose.
- 5. The straw-coloured liquid component of blood.
- 7. Cell fragments that are important in the clotting mechanism of the blood.
- 8. A structure made of flaps of tissue between an atrium and a ventricle of the heart. The heart valve stops blood flowing in the wrong direction when the heart muscle contracts.
- 9. A shock wave caused by the contraction of the heart muscles, which travels through the walls of arteries leading from the heart.
- 10. A blood vessel that transports blood towards the heart.
- 15. The system that moves blood through the body. It consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
- 17. A process in which one gas diffuses across a membrane and another gas diffuses in the opposite direction.
- 18. A type of respiration that does not need oxygen.
- 20. An upper chamber in the heart that receives blood from the veins. (Plural is atria.)
- 21. The random movement and spreading of particles. There is a net (overall) diffusion of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
- 22. The fluid that carries oxygen and other substances from the heart to the body.
- 25. The number of heart beats in a unit of time, usually per minute (beats/min).
- 26. A sub-cellular structure (organelle) in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, where aerobic respiration occurs. (Plural is mitochondia.)
- 28. A structure made of flaps of tissue that stops blood flowing in the wrong direction.
- 29. All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.
- 30. A white blood cell that is capable of engulfing microorganisms such as bacteria.
- 33. = stroke volume × heart rate
- 37. A tiny blood vessel with thin walls to allow for the transfer of substances between the blood and tissues.