Across
- 5. political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
- 7. a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare
- 9. in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked
- 12. to make possible
- 13. in thirteenth-century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England
- 14. under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity
- 15. an original or official paper that gives proof of or support to
- 16. the “Great Charter” of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215
- 19. a landed property with a large house; one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the townspeople (Third Estate)
Down
- 1. a binding agreement between two or more people or parties
- 2. essential; important
- 3. the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
- 4. a wealthy, powerful landowner
- 5. under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal
- 6. a peasant, or farmer, who is tied to the land and ruled by a lord
- 7. a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place
- 8. under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry
- 10. a summons that is often stimulating, inciting, or threatening
- 11. under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief
- 17. in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold
- 18. a manner of accomplishing a task using technical processes, methods, or knowledge