Across
- 1. The majority of the reactions of the urea cycle occur in this area of hepatocytes.
- 3. These type of amino acids can be converted to ketone bodies (can you name these amino acids?).
- 5. This cofactor is the preferred cofactor for methyl transfers in biological reactions (use abbreviation).
- 7. The first reaction of the Urea cycle occurs in this location of hepatocytes.
- 9. These type of amino acids can be converted to glucose (can you name these amino acids?).
- 13. This molecule is toxic to human beings and requires extra care to safely excrete it from the body.
- 14. This amino acid is an intermediate in the Urea cycle.
- 16. This aromatic amino acid can be converted to acetyl-CoA.
- 17. This enzyme removes the ammonia (amino) group from glutamate using either NAD+ or NADP+ once inside the mitochondrial matrix; glutamate _________.
- 19. This molecule serves as the carbon source for the first-nitrogen acquiring reaction of the urea cycle.
- 21. This amino acid can act as a temporary storage of nitrogen and can be safely transported in the bloodstream.
- 22. The pyridoxal phosphate cofactor of aminotransferases is covalently linked through an ______; also known as a Schiff base.
- 23. This type of reaction is used to remove the amino group from the amino acids to a common metabolite such as alpha-ketoglutarate.
- 27. This cylic amino acid can be converted to glutamate which can be converted to alpha-ketoglutarate.
- 28. This molecule activates the carbamoyl phosphate synthase I in the first reaction of the Urea cycle.
- 30. This enzyme synthesizes argininosuccinate from citrulline and aspartate; argininosuccinate _______.
- 31. This is the cofactor that is used by aminotransferase enzymes to facilitate enzymatic transamination reactions (use abbreviation).
- 33. This positively charged amino acid can be converted to acetoacetyl-CoA which can be converted to acetyl-CoA or ketone bodies for energy.
- 34. This polar amino acid with a primary alcohol side chain can be converted to pyruvate.
Down
- 2. This molecule is produced in the last reaction of the Urea cycle and is required to perform the first reaction of the Urea cycle.
- 4. This molecule reacts with ornithine to form citrulline in the first step of the urea cycle.
- 6. Inactive precursor of the enzyme that cuts proteins into peptides in the stomach.
- 8. This amino acid is required for the activation for N-acetylglutamate synthase.
- 10. This TCA cycle intermediate can be produced from asparagine and aspartate.
- 11. These type of amino acid must be obtained as dietary protein (can you name these amino acids?).
- 12. This TCA cycle intermediate is produced from the actions of argininosuccinase (argininosuccinate lyase).
- 15. This versatile cofactor is formed from folate to transfer 1-carbon in different oxidation states.
- 18. This molecule is produced to safely eliminate two equivalents of ammonia from the body.
- 20. This cofactor serves to transfer CO2 groups to substrates.
- 24. This digestive enzyme cleaves amino acids off the N-terminal end of polypeptides; _____peptidase.
- 25. This branched-chain amino acid can be converted to succinyl-CoA.
- 26. This disease state results from a defective enzyme in phenylalanine hydroxylase, use abbreviation.
- 29. This amino acid is involved in helping muscles continue vigorous exercise to transport pyruvate from the muscles to the liver; the glucose-______ cycle.
- 32. Degradation of branched-chain amino acids occurs in muscles, adipose tissue, kidneys and brain but not in this organ.