Across
- 4. move microorganisms out of the vaginal tract
- 6. ciliated mucosal cells of the lower respiratory tract that move inhaled particulates away from the lungs
- 9. the percentage of each type of white blood cell
- 13. a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
- 15. the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood
- 17. proteins in the blood that help antibodies and t cells kill their target
- 19. a slightly viscous glycoprotein fluid produced by goblet cells
- 21. elevated body temperature
- 22. human body's largest organ in terms of surface area and weight and extremely important component of first line of defense. consists of the dermis (inner, thicker portion - connective tissue) and the epidermis (outer, thinner portion - many layers of tightly packed epithelial cells with keratin) in direct contact with external environment.
- 24. final stage of inflammation. tissue repaired when stroma (supporting connective tissue) or parenchyma (functioning part of the tissue) produces new cells
- 25. induce apoptosis
- 26. white blood cells containing granules that are readily stained by eosin.
- 28. focus of infection site, usually filled with pus. common ones include pustules and boils
- 33. ear canal secretion that keeps eardrum pliable, waterproofs the canal, kills bacteria, and makes guard hairs of ear sticky to help block foreign particles from entering auditory canal
- 39. chemical attraction of phagocyte to microorganism. allows phagocytes to migrate to infection sites and destroy invading bacteria.
- 42. fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products
- 43. broad spectrum antimicrobial proteins which may be one of the most important components of innate immunity.
- 49. passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue
- 50. salty fluid secreted by sweat glands
- 52. white blood cells that engulfs microbes by phagocytosis
- 53. white blood cells that phagocytizes foreign substances and help activate t cells
- 54. series of coordinated contractions that propel food along gastrointestinal tract
- 55. attachment of the phagocyte's plasma membrane to the surface of the m.o. or other foreign material. facilitated by attachment of pathogen-associated mlclr patterns (pamps) of microbes to receptors (e.g. toll-like receptors) on surface of phagocytes. binding not only initiates phagocytosis, but also induces phagocyte to release specific cytokines that recruit additional
- 56. small lid of cartilage covering larynx during swallowing that prevents foreign matter from entering the lower respiratory tract.
- 57. white blood cells that transforms into a macrophage
- 58. plasma membranes projections called pseudopods envelope microorganism. the pseudopods fuse to form a vesicle called a phagosome (phagocytic vesicle) containing the microorganism. membrane has enzymes that pump proteons into the phagosome, reducing ph to 4. @ this ph hydrolytic enzymes at activated
- 59. cells that line blood and ymphatic vessels, not closely packed, permiting defensive cells to move from blood to tissues during inflammation. unfortunate side-effect: allows microbes to move in/out of blood and lymp.
- 60. the pathway by which antigen-antibody complexes can activate the complement system, requires an antibody molecule to get started.
- 62. activated by contact between certain complement proteins and a pathogen.
- 64. red blood cells
- 65. when macrophages ingest foreign matter by phagocytosis, they release cytokines that stimulate liver to produce lectins that bind to carbohydrates, resulting in phagocytosis
- 66. function to transport and store iron. transferrin (blood and tissue fluids), lactoferrin (milk, saliva, mucus), ferriin (liver, spleen, red bone marrow) hemoglobin (rbcs)
- 67. converted to active form during inflammation. induce both local and systemic responses and include proteins (e.g. c-reactive protein mannose-binding lectin) and several specialized proteins (fibrinogen for blood clotting and kinins for vasodilation).
- 68. protein receptors in plasma membranes of immune system cells that attach to pathogen molecules that are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). ex. lps of g- bacteria, flagellin in flagella of motile bacteria, etc.)
Down
- 1. substances produced by mast cells, cause increased permeability of blood vessels and hep attach phagocytes to pathogens.
- 2. structures that manufactures and drains away tears from eyes
- 3. white blood cells that kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
- 5. dilation of blood vessels, increases blood flow to damaged area and responsible for redness (erythema) and heat associated w/ inflammation.
- 7. a membrane pore protein made in the complement cascade
- 8. proteins made by the bacteria that will capture iron from the host
- 10. chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.
- 11. 1) destroy injurious agent (remove it and by-products from body), 2) if destruction not possible, to limit effects on body by confining or walling off the injurious agent and by-products and 3) to repair or replace tissue damaged by injurious agent or by=products.
- 12. the various macrophages of the body, both free and fixed
- 13. live microbial cultures administered to exert a beneficial effect
- 14. a specific resistance of the body to infection; it may be natural, or resistance may develop after exposure to a disease agent.
- 16. enzymes that disrupt various stages of viral multiplication.
- 18. microbes normally present in and on the human body
- 20. white blood cells
- 21. phagocytes that roam tissues and gather at sites of infection
- 23. neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area
- 27. immune resistance to a specific pathogen
- 29. red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
- 30. white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
- 31. epithelial layer/underlying connective tissue lining entire gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts
- 32. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- 34. white blood cells that make antibodies to fight off infections
- 35. phagosome pinches off from plasma membrane and enters cytoplasm, w/in cytoplasm, contacts lysosomes. on contact, phagosome and lysosome membranes fuse to form phagolysosome (single larger structure). contents of phagolyssome brought in by ingestion are digested.
- 36. enzyme in most bodily secretions that can break down cell walls of g+ and, to lesser extent, g- bacteria
- 37. molecules found on cell membranes of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.
- 38. phagocytes that are residents in tissues and organs
- 40. white blood cells without granules in their nuclei; lymphocytes, monocytes.
- 41. immune resistance to general pathogens
- 44. lack of resistance to a disease
- 45. digestive juice produced by salivary glands
- 46. white blood cells that produces histamine.
- 47. substances released by damaged cells, intensify effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through capillary walls. associated with the pain related to inflammation
- 48. class of similar antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, after viral stimulation
- 51. first neutrophils then macrophages migrate into the inflamed area
- 58. pore-forming protein
- 60. activated fixed macrophages secrete cytokines which bring about vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, which helps to deliver clotting elements of blood into injured area.
- 61. proteins that regulate intensity and duration of immune responses.
- 63. group of substances that cause vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels. present in blood plasma, and once activated play a role in chemotaxis by attracting phagocytic granulocytes (neutrophils, chiefly) to injured area