Across
- 1. Weak forces of attraction between molecules, caused by temporary dipoles formed by shifting electron clouds.
- 4. A substance that stabilizes the pH of a solution by neutralizing small amounts of acid or base.
- 7. A mixture in which small particles are dispersed in a liquid but do not dissolve (e.g., muddy water).
- 10. A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.
- 12. A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons.
- 14. scale A scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 being neutral.
- 16. A combination of two or more substances that are physically mixed but not chemically combined.
- 18. The building block (monomer) of proteins.
- 21. A polymer, such as DNA or RNA, that carries genetic information.
- 23. The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.
- 24. An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge.
- 25. Organic compounds, including sugars and starches, that serve as a major energy source.
- 26. A substance made of only one type of atom, such as hydrogen or oxygen.
- 28. A polymer made of amino acids, responsible for many biological functions, including enzymes and muscle building.
- 30. The substance that is dissolved in a solution (e.g., salt in saltwater).
- 31. Organic compounds, such as fats and oils, used for long-term energy storage and cell structure.
- 33. A substance with a pH below 7 that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution.
- 34. A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
- 35. A weak bond between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms (like oxygen or nitrogen) in molecules.
- 36. A type of mixture where one substance (solute) is completely dissolved in another (solvent).
Down
- 2. The central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons.
- 3. The substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.
- 4. A substance with a pH above 7 that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution.
- 5. Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
- 6. A substance made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.
- 8. The attraction between molecules of different substances (e.g., water molecules sticking to glass).
- 9. The basic unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
- 11. A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed by it.
- 13. The substance that dissolves the solute in a solution (e.g., water in saltwater).
- 14. A substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
- 15. A chemical bond formed when one atom transfers electrons to another atom, creating charged ions that attract each other.
- 17. A substance that undergoes a change during a chemical reaction.
- 19. A small molecule that can bond with others to form a polymer.
- 20. A process in which substances (reactants) are changed into new substances (products) by breaking and forming bonds.
- 22. The attraction between molecules of the same substance (e.g., water molecules sticking together).
- 27. A large molecule made up of repeating smaller units called monomers.
- 29. The building block (monomer) of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- 32. A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest unit of a compound that retains its chemical properties.