Chapter 8

6. Results in the individual being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true.
9. Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government.
10. Behavior that violates society's norms.
14. Sociologist who developed the strain theory.
15. People who study criminal behavior.
18. In some kind of public setting the individual is denounced, found guilty, and given the new identity of deviant.
21. The practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crime than white Americans.
22. A large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence.
24. Other sociologist who heavily influenced the development of labeling theory.
25. Sociologist who developed the idea of the degradation ceremony.
26. The threat or actual use of violence to achieve political goals.
28. The frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals.
29. Control theorist who believes that people develop bonds in four ways.
30. The system of police, courts, and corrections.

1. Focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant.
2. The term for repeated criminal behavior.
3. Nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority.
4. Sociologist who heavily influenced the development of labeling theory.
5. People suspend their moral beliefs to commit deviant acts.
7. The police have considerable power to decide who is actually arrested.
8. Explains deviance as a learned behavior.
11. Explains deviance as a natural occurrence.
12. Conflict theorist who believes that the ruling classes label any behavior that threatens their power base as deviant.
13. The process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence.
16. Views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society.
17. Sets deviant apart from society.
19. Sociologist and criminologist who first proposed the concept of differential association.
20. Offenses committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives.
23. Sanctions used to punish criminals.
27. The situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.