Across
- 3. _______ Rule: oath of obedience, poverty, and chastity taken my monks and nuns as they enter monasteries and convents.
- 4. raiders who plundered Europe
- 6. tax paid to the church
- 8. sacred rituals of the Catholic Church
- 9. penalty for refusing to obey church laws
- 13. a lord granted land in exchange for service/loyalty to a greater lord.
- 14. proclaimed emperor by Pope Leo III
- 15. worldly, nonreligious
Down
- 1. Treaty of ______: Divided Charlemagne’s empire
- 2. a noble in Europe who served as a mounted warrior for a lord.
- 5. Excommunicated an entire region or town
- 7. an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for a service or loyalty.
- 10. code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages.
- 11. wandering poet.
- 12. a religion begun in Arabia in 622
- 16. King of the Franks who conquered Gaul
- 17. scholar who established a school in Aachen