Across
- 3. the first step of translation or transcription
- 6. The term that indicates that the two complementary strands of DNA are running in opposite directions
- 10. A tumor that has not metastasized or invaded surrounding tissue; non-cancerous
- 14. mRNA before processing
- 18. region of DNA that is part of a gene that will be expressed
- 21. structure containing many genes in specific locations and composed of tightly wound DNA and histones
- 23. the enzyme responsible for proofreading newly replicated DNA
- 24. the process that results in more than one protein per gene
- 25. Disease resulting from multiple mutations, especially of genes that control cell division
- 26. the location on the ribosome where translation begins
- 27. substance that causes mutation leading to cancer
- 28. a mutation involving only one nucleotide
- 30. specific location on a chromosome
- 32. the enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing mRNA during transcription
- 34. organelle that is the site of protein synthesis; composed of RNA and protein
- 36. the amino acid associated with a “start” codon (AUG)
- 37. If the percentage of thymine in a cell is 35%, what is the percentage of guanine?
- 38. A pile-up of cells that is the result of uncontrolled cell division
- 40. the study of the control of gene expression
- 41. The term that recognizes that the daughter strands each received ½ of the parental strand but are also composed of a newly constructed strand
- 43. Tumor cells migrate and spread cancer to additional locations
- 45. the enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing daughter strand during replication
- 47. The enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments
- 48. The modification and activation of proteins after synthesis is an example of _____ control.
- 50. a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotides, resulting in a frameshift
- 51. The surgical removal of cells, tissue, or fluid for analysis to determine if cancer is present
Down
- 1. Change in the sequence of DNA; may occur due to replication error or damage caused by carcinogens
- 2. sequence of DNA at tips of chromosomes that limits the number of times a cell can divide
- 4. DNA sequences that can move within the genome
- 5. region of DNA where RNA polymerase first binds to begin transcription
- 7. region of DNA preceding some genes where transcription activators can bind to increase the rate
- 8. the inactivated X chromosome found in all cells of females; consists of highly condensed heterochromatin
- 9. The _____ strand is copied continuously
- 11. process by which stem cells become specific types of cells
- 12. Organs of the lymphatic system that filter fluids deposited by the circulatory system; if cancer is detected here, it indicates metastasis has occurred
- 13. the type of weak bond that connects complementary nitrogenous bases
- 15. alternative versions of genes
- 16. mutation in which the changed codon results in the same amino acid
- 17. a type of pretranscriptional control in which a methyl is added to cytosine
- 19. The disconnected pieces of the lagging strand of DNA
- 20. site of ribosome synthesis
- 22. Tumors that have invaded the surrounding tissue or metastasized; cancerous
- 29. unit of heredity existing at a particular location on a chromosome; codes for a functional product, usually a protein
- 31. the product of gene expression
- 33. inactive, condensed chromatin in a Barr body
- 35. The enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA so it can replicate
- 39. mechanism of translational gene control; determines how long a transcript may remain active before being destroyed by ribonucleases
- 40. the study of the control of gene expression
- 42. the type of RNA that carries amino acids to a ribosome
- 44. region of DNA that is not part of a gene
- 46. The _____ strand is copied discontinuously
- 47. An organ system of tubes and vessels that functions in immunity and collects fluids from the blood
- 49. mutation in which one nucleotide is exchanged for another