Across
- 2. a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet, such as Earth
- 7. a process that increases the amount of nutrients in a body of water through human activities, such as waste disposal and land drainage
- 9. the layer of the atmosphere that lies between the troposphere and the mesosphere and in which temperature increases as altitude increases; contains the ozone layer
- 10. rocks that have been changed as a result of intense heat and/or pressure within the Earth's crust
- 12. a gas molecule that is made up of three oxygen atoms
- 13. the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations; can result in the transfer of energy as heat
- 14. the change of state from a liquid to a gas
- 15. a process in which the materials of Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported from one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity
- 18. the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans
- 22. the cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment
- 24. the pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms
- 27. types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation
- 29. the region of the geosphere beneath the asthenosphere; it encompasses the lower mantle, where material still flows but at a much slower rate than the asthenosphere
- 31. any form of water that falls to the Earth’s surface from the clouds; includes rain,snow, sleet, and hail
- 33. a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem
- 36. the mostly solid, rocky part of Earth; extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crust
- 37. form when hot, molten rock (magma) crystallizes and solidifies
- 38. the part of Earth where life exists
Down
- 1. the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared waves
- 2. the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it
- 3. the layer of the atmosphere at an altitude of 15 to 40 km in which ozone absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation
- 4. in Earth science, the layer of rock between the Earth’s crust and core
- 5. the process in which nitrogen circulates among the air, soil, water, plants, and animals in an ecosystem
- 6. the region of the atmosphere above the mesosphere
- 8. bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
- 11. the change of state from a gas to a liquid
- 16. one of the steps in a food chain or food pyramid; examples include producers and primary,secondary, and tertiary consumers
- 17. a series of processes that create and transform the types of rocks in Earth's crust
- 19. the portion of Earth that is water
- 20. the region of the earth's atmosphere above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere; the coldest layer of the atmosphere
- 21. the transfer of energy in the form of heat or electricity from one atom to another within an object by direct contact
- 23. the solid, outer layer of the Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle
- 25. the process by which plants, algae,and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide,and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen
- 26. only 10% of energy is passed to the next trophic level; the other 90% is lost
- 28. a block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle; also called lithospheric plate
- 30. the lowest layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature drops at a constant rate as altitude increases; the part of the atmosphere where weather conditions exist
- 32. the central part of the Earth below the mantle
- 34. the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back
- 35. the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle