Across
- 2. Learning by watching and imitating others' behavior.
- 8. The observed increase in average IQ scores over generations, likely due to various environmental factors.
- 9. A French psychologist who created the first intelligence test to identify students needing additional academic support.
- 10. A psychologist who proposed that a single general intelligence (g) underlies all cognitive abilities.
- 12. A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem, often guaranteed to produce a solution if followed correctly.
- 15. Higher-level cognitive processes that enable planning, decision-making, problem-solving, and self-regulation of behavior.
- 16. A region in the temporal lobe of the brain involved in language comprehension.
- 24. The process of integrating new information into existing schemas without changing the original framework.
- 26. The smallest unit of meaning in a language, such as a word or a prefix.
- 27. The set of rules that enables people to communicate, including syntax (sentence structure) and semantics (meaning).
- 29. Genetic information
- 30. Positive, constructive behaviors intended to benefit others.
- 31. Early speech stage where a child uses mostly nouns and verbs in a grammatically simplistic way (e.g., "Want cookie").
- 32. An individual's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity, which is thought to have a biological basis.
- 33. Demonstrating behavior that others can observe and imitate.
- 34. The ability to produce original and valuable ideas or solutions through imaginative thinking and problem-solving.
- 36. An intelligence test based on Binet's original test, adapted by Lewis Terman for use in the United States.
- 39. assesses if a test provides consistent results over repeated applications. For instance, if a person takes the test today and again in two weeks, the scores should be similar if intelligence has not changed.
- 41. Inject radioactive tracer to monitor brain metabolism--has functional insights and used for neurological disorders
- 46. The stage, around 24 months, when a child starts combining two words to form simple sentences.
- 48. The ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next
- 49. The idea that language influences thought but does not entirely determine it.
- 52. Records electrical activity in the brain via electrodes places on the scalp--able to observe brain activity in seconds but provides limited spacial precision
- 54. Actions that are harmful, destructive, or violate social norms.
- 56. A deep emotional bond that connects one person to another, especially between a child and caregiver.
- 60. The process of altering existing schemas or creating new ones to incorporate new information that does not fit existing frameworks.
- 62. Study of how much of our behavior is from genetics
- 65. A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people, allowing for efficient organization and categorization of information.
- 66. The area/people/ideas that someone is surrounded by
- 68. Bronfenbrenner's theory emphasizing how different environmental systems interact to influence human development.
- 70. Tracks blood flow to visualize brain activity in real time--great spacial resolution and shows specific areas of the brain
- 72. A type of thinking that generates multiple, creative solutions to a problem, emphasizing flexibility and originality.
- 74. Neurons that fire when performing an action or when observing someone else perform the same action.
- 75. A region in the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for speech production.
- 76. Region between the hindbrain and the forebrain; it is important for hearing and sight
- 77. The stage in infancy, around 4 months, when babies spontaneously produce nonsensical, repetitive sounds.
- 78. Noam Chomsky's theory that humans are born with an innate ability to understand the structure of language.
- 79. Belief that outcomes result largely from one's own efforts.
- 80. The study and manipulation of DNA on a molecular level
- 81. All of an organism's genetic material
Down
- 1. A sense of one's identity and personal worth, typically developing by age 12.
- 3. A sudden realization or understanding of a problem's solution, often occurring after a period of contemplation.
- 4. A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make quick judgments and decisions, often based on past experiences.
- 5. A bell-shaped curve that represents the distribution of scores, with most falling near the average.
- 6. Psychologist who studied observational learning and developed social cognitive theory.
- 7. The ability to produce words and express oneself through language.
- 11. The inclination to continue investing in a decision based on the cumulative prior investment (time, money, resources) rather than future benefits.
- 13. The hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
- 14. Where the spinal cord swells after entering the skull
- 17. Erik Erikson's idea that securely attached infants develop a sense of the world as predictable and trustworthy.
- 18. A mental image or best example of a category, serving as a reference point for identifying members of that category.
- 19. A score derived from standardized tests, intended to measure an individual's cognitive abilities.
- 20. The fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning around 8 months of age.HarlowsMonkeyExperiment A study that demonstrated the importance of physical contact and comfort in attachment using baby monkeys and surrogate mothers.
- 21. Largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures
- 22. Controls heartbeat and breathing--vital functions
- 23. The ability to regulate impulses, emotions, and behaviors to achieve long-term goals.
- 25. The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.
- 28. Has high resolution pictures of brain from magnetic fields and radio waves--detects structural anomalies
- 35. The process of establishing norms and consistent procedures for administering a test.
- 37. An attachment style where a child shows anxiety or avoidance in their relationship with the caregiver.
- 38. A healthy attachment style where a child feels safe and confident exploring when the caregiver is present.
- 40. A language impairment caused by brain damage, affecting speaking, understanding, or both.
- 42. The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
- 43. The consistency of a test in measuring what it aims to measure over time.
- 44. The brain sensory control--receives all senses but smell and routes it to the higher brain
- 45. Observing someone else receive reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of imitating that behavior.
- 47. Thurstone identified seven independent abilities (e.g., verbal comprehension, numerical ability) rather than a single general intelligence.
- 50. Measures magnetic fields produced by neural activity--better spacial tracking than EEG but more expensive and less used
- 51. Makes detailed images of brain structure--quick and effective for things like tumors but no functional information and it exposes the patient to radiation
- 53. A factor that Spearman believed contributes to all intellectual abilities, reflecting broad cognitive potential.
- 55. Division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
- 57. Mary Ainsworth's experimental procedure to assess attachment styles in infants by observing their reactions to separations and reunions with their caregiver.
- 58. The field of study concerned with the theory and technique of measuring psychological attributes, such as intelligence.
- 59. Cognitive frameworks or concepts that help organize and interpret information, influencing how new information is understood.
- 61. Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, enabling self-regulation and evaluation of learning strategies.
- 63. A statistical method used to identify clusters of related abilities or skills, often applied in intelligence research.
- 64. A process in which certain animals form strong attachments during a critical early period.
- 67. Is behavior derived from genetics or from environment?
- 69. structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
- 71. Chemical factors that determine traits
- 73. The level of intellectual functioning compared to the average performance of individuals in the same age group.