Across
- 2. Amendment Bans poll taxes in federal elections.
- 3. Amendment Gives women the right to vote.
- 4. Being forced to testify against yourself; the 5th Amendment protects against this (“plead the Fifth”).
- 7. v. United States (1944) Upheld Japanese American internment during WWII as a wartime necessity.
- 8. Exercise Clause Protects individuals’ right to practice their religion freely.
- 12. v. New York (1925) First case to apply the Bill of Rights to the states through incorporation; protected speech.
- 13. A specific numerical requirement (e.g., hiring X% of a group); often ruled unconstitutional.
- 16. v. Board of Education (1954) Overturned Plessy; ruled that segregated schools are inherently unequal.
- 17. Action Policies that encourage or require efforts to increase opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups.
- 18. Liberties Freedoms the government cannot take away — such as speech, religion, and privacy — mostly protected by the Bill of Rights.
- 21. Rule Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court.
- 22. Tax A fee required to vote; used to suppress Black voters before being banned.
- 23. Speech Nonverbal expression (e.g., flag burning, armbands) protected as speech.
- 26. v. Ferguson (1896) Upheld “separate but equal” racial segregation.
- 27. Speech or material lacking serious value and considered offensive; not protected by the First Amendment.
- 29. Harassment Unwelcome sexual conduct that creates a hostile or abusive environment.
- 30. Rights Protections against discrimination based on characteristics like race, gender, or disability; ensure equal treatment under the law.
- 31. Bargaining Agreement where a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge to avoid a trial.
- 33. Protection Clause Part of the 14th Amendment; requires states to treat people equally under the law.
- 34. and Unusual Punishment Punishment that is excessive or barbaric; banned by the 8th Amendment.
Down
- 1. Clause Government cannot establish or favor a religion.
- 3. Amendment Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.
- 4. The right to vote.
- 5. v. Reed (1971) First Supreme Court case to strike down a law for gender discrimination.
- 6. Amendment Prohibits denying the right to vote based on race.
- 9. to Privacy Not explicitly stated in the Constitution but inferred from several amendments; protects personal autonomy (e.g., contraception, marriage).
- 10. Amendment Guarantees citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law.
- 11. Rights Act of 1965 Banned racial discrimination in voting and enforced the 15th Amendment.
- 14. with Disabilities Act (ADA) Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, public accommodations, and more.
- 15. Process Clause Part of the 5th and 14th Amendments; requires the government to follow fair procedures before taking life, liberty, or property.
- 16. of Rights The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution that protect individual liberties from government interference.
- 19. Doctrine The process by which the Supreme Court applied the Bill of Rights to the states using the 14th Amendment.
- 20. Restraint Government action that prevents speech before it occurs; usually unconstitutional.
- 23. v. Sandford (Dred Scott, 1857) Ruled that enslaved people were not citizens and had no rights; increased tensions before the Civil War.
- 24. Speech Advertising; protected but can be regulated more than other speech.
- 25. Amendment Protects freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.
- 28. Worth The idea that jobs requiring similar skills and responsibility should receive equal pay, even if the jobs are different.
- 32. Written false statements that damage someone’s reputation.