Across
- 2. The process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose molecules.
- 5. Organelles in the cell where oxidative phosphorylation and the TCA cycle occur.
- 14. A metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules, occurring in the mitochondria.
- 17. A hormone released from the adrenal medulla that stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and increased heart rate.
- 18. A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms, a major source of energy in the form of triglycerides in fat storage, especially during endurance exercise.
- 20. The storage form of glucose in muscles and the liver.
- 21. Slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers, high in oxidative capacity.
- 22. The breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
- 24. The immediate energy system, using ATP and creatine phosphate to resynthesize ATP for a quick energy source.
- 26. Fast-twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers, with both oxidative and glycolytic capacity.
- 27. A hormone released from the pancreas that facilitates glucose uptake into cells and stimulates glycogen synthesis and fat storage.
- 28. A protein that forms the thin filaments of muscle fibers, playing a key role in muscle contraction.
- 29. An end-product of anaerobic glycolysis, produced during high-intensity exercise.
Down
- 1. A protein that forms the thick filaments of muscle fibers, responsible for generating force during muscle contraction.
- 3. The basic contractile unit of muscle fibers, consisting of overlapping thick and thin filaments.
- 4. Stored fat within muscle fibers, providing a readily available source of energy during exercise.
- 6. An enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
- 7. The primary energy currency of the cell, providing the energy for muscle contraction and other cellular processes.
- 8. A key enzyme in glycolysis that regulates the rate of the pathway.
- 9. The membranous network in muscle cells that stores and releases calcium ions, crucial for muscle contraction.
- 10. Fast-twitch muscle fibers, high in glycolytic capacity but fatigue quickly.
- 11. An anaerobic metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose or glycogen into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the sarcoplasm.
- 12. The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as amino acids, glycerol, or lactate, primarily in the liver.
- 13. A hormone released from the pancreas that stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
- 15. A series of protein complexes in the mitochondria that generate ATP by transferring electrons, using oxygen as the final acceptor.
- 16. An aerobic metabolic pathway in the mitochondria that produces ATP by transferring electrons to oxygen through the electron transport chain.
- 19. A series of metabolic reactions in the mitochondria that oxidize acetyl-CoA, generating ATP precursors and carbon dioxide.
- 23. A cytokine released from muscle tissue with a number of metabolic and inflammatory effects.
- 25. A high-energy molecule that can donate a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP.