Across
- 3. saw the human as an extraordinary machine. Proposed drive reduction theory which posited that reduction of an innate or learned drive (motivator) was the sole basis of reinforcement.
- 5. posited that language is what facilitates the development of higher mental functions
- 7. established the founding principles of behaviorism that conceptualized behavior as habit formation and mental illness as habit disturbance.Conducted the studies on Little Albert B.
- 8. pioneered what later became known as systematic desensitization
- 10. a schedule of reinforcement that is most resistant to extinction. Since the individual does not have a way of predicting when the next reinforcement will come, but being accustomed to occasional rewards, the individual will hang on in the hope of getting one on the next try.
- 13. a model of learning that assumes that learning is fundamentally about forming new associations or connections
- 16. developed a stage theory of cognitive development
- 18. a process of discrimination or the ability to distinguish between two stimuli
- 19. proposed by Rotter. Developed a form of behaviorism that included references to internal subjective experiences like self-efficacy and locus of control.
- 20. proposed that caregiver-infant bonds that developed in the first year of life had significant consequences for later social, emotional, and personal development
- 21. developed a model of moral development that was challenged by Carol Gilligan
Down
- 1. aka classical conditioning that pairs a known stimulus with a response under conditions of reinforcement. Discovered by Pavlov.
- 2. a state of inhibition that occurs when situational demands exceed the maximum capacity for physical and psychological stress; Pavlov believed it was a state of protective inhibition
- 4. the gradual elimination of a conditioned response following the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus
- 6. proposed by Bandura. Emphasized treating the symptom as the disorder. Asserted that learning is not based exclusively on simple mechanical S-R connections or reinforcement-response connections and that behavior could be learned from the environment through the process of observational learning and vicarious reinforcement.
- 9. the tendency for a response learned to one stimulus to occur after the presentation of a second stimulus similar to the first
- 11. developed the strange situation, a laboratory procedures designed to test an infant's attachment style
- 12. the application of gestalt theory to social issues. Proposed by Lewin. Assumed that active and thinking individuals were part of a dynamic field of interdependent forces. Lewin posited that by understanding this field, one would better understand the individual.
- 14. Wertheimer's optical illusion demonstrating that a whole was different than the sum of its parts.
- 15. considered the most influential psychologist in history. Asserted the empty organism approach and demonstrated examples of operant conditioning.
- 17. developed puzzle boxes to test animal intelligence. His studies suggested that readiness/preparedness, utility, and practice contributed to the learning process.