Across
- 5. Members of Rome’s traditional hereditary upper class who originally controlled most political and religious offices.
- 6. An independent Greek city-state that included the city, surrounding land, government, religious institutions, and body of citizens.
- 8. The Roman ideal of proper behavior and identity, including discipline, courage, duty, piety, family loyalty, and service to the state.
- 10. Roman commoners who fought for greater political rights, written laws, and protection from patrician power.
- 12. Followers of Stoicism who emphasized reason, virtue, duty, self-control, and acceptance of events beyond one’s control.
- 13. A Roman emperor who reorganized the empire, created the Tetrarchy, expanded the bureaucracy and army, and made imperial rule more openly autocratic.
- 17. The title taken by Octavian, Rome’s first emperor, who ended civil wars and created the imperial system known as the Principate.
- 18. A Roman emperor who supported Christianity, called the Council of Nicaea, and established Constantinople as an imperial capital.
- 20. Tables, Rome’s first publicly written law code, created around 451–450 BCE.
- 22. A wedge-shaped writing system developed by the Sumerians and pressed into clay tablets. It was used to record taxes, trade, laws, religion, and literature.
- 24. the Great, The Macedonian ruler who conquered the Persian Empire and created a vast territory in which Greek culture spread and mixed with local cultures.
Down
- 1. League, An alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens after the Persian Wars that gradually became an Athenian empire.
- 2. An ancient Persian religion emphasizing moral choice, judgment, and a struggle between truth and falsehood or good and evil.
- 3. An influential Athenian statesman associated with democracy, public building projects, payment for public service, and Athenian imperial power.
- 4. of Hammurabi, A Babylonian collection of written laws dealing with property, family, trade, crime, and punishment.
- 7. A province of the Persian Empire governed by an official called a satrap.
- 9. A heavily armed Greek citizen soldier who fought in a close formation called a phalanx.
- 11. A Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps and invaded Italy during the Second Punic War.
- 14. the Great, The founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, known for allowing conquered peoples to retain many local customs, religions, and leaders.
- 15. An Egyptian pharaoh who promoted the worship of Aten and attempted to reduce the power of Egypt’s traditional gods and priesthoods.
- 16. familias, The oldest male head of a Roman household who held extensive legal authority over family members, property, dependents, and enslaved people.
- 19. Prophetic Movement, A tradition of Israelite prophets who criticized injustice and idolatry and urged the people to remain faithful to Yahweh.
- 21. Followers of Epicurus who believed happiness came from moderation, friendship, tranquility, and freedom from fear.
- 23. Romana, A long period of relative peace, political stability, trade, and prosperity in the Roman Empire, beginning under Augustus.