Across
- 1. Cluster of differentiation: designation for specific cell-surface molecules on immune cells that help to differentiate one immune cell from another
- 4. Major histocompatibility complex: designation for a family of cell surface molecules involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to T cells
- 6. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy: multiple drug treatment for HIV infection
- 9. Macrophage: large mononuclear phagocyte that takes residence in many different tissues and organs and contributes to innate immune responses and can act as an effector cell in adaptive immune responses
- 10. Cell mediated immunity: adaptive immune responses in which there is a major role for effector T cells
- 11. Member of TNF receptor family expressed on certain cells that makes them susceptible to being killed by cells expressing the Fas ligand
- 14. Systemic lupus erythematosus: autoimmune disease where autoantibodies (against DNA, RNA, and proteins associated with nucleic acids) form immune complexes
- 16. B cell receptor: sIg on B cells that binds Ag and transmits signal 1 to activate B cells.
- 17. Antibody: immunoglobulin secreted by plasma cells
- 18. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes: CD8+ T cells with the effector function of targeting and killing virally infected cells and tumor cells by apoptosis
- 20. Surface immunoglobulin: an immunoglobulin that is expressed on B cell surface
- 23. Fragment with antigen binding: the part of an antibody (that can be isolated by protease digestion) responsible for antigen binding, consisting of the light chain and amino-terminal half of the heavy chain disulfide-bonded together
- 24. Immunoglobulin, protein family to which antibodies and B-cell receptors belong
- 25. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: the end stage of disease in HIV infection
- 26. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes: white blood cells with multi-lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules
- 27. Pathogen associated molecular patterns: repeating molecular patterns on microbes that are recognized by PRRs on immune cells
- 29. C-reactive protein: acute phase protein that binds to phosphocholine, a constituent of certain bacteria, that can trigger Complement activation and acts as an opsonin
- 31. T-cell receptor: the Ag receptor on T cells
- 32. immune response
Down
- 1. Cell adhesion molecule
- 2. Dendritic cell: a type of APC that presents antigen in the context of MHC to T cells
- 3. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs: amino acid sequence in cytoplasmic domains of membrane receptors involved in signal transduction
- 5. Human leukocyte antigen: name of MHC gene complex and proteins in humans
- 6. Human immunodeficiency virus
- 7. Recombination signal sequences: short DNA sequences flanking Ig and TCR V, D and J gene segments that serve as the binding sites for the RAG complex, allowing Ig and TCR gene rearrangement (somatic recombination)
- 8. Nuclear factor κB: transcription factor that helps activate the expression of many pro-inflammatory genes
- 10. Complementarity determining regions: the regions of the antigen binding loops of Ig molecules, antibodies and T cell receptors that come into contact with antigen
- 12. Membrane attack complex: end product of the Complement cascade that can kill pathogens directly by forming a pore in pathogen membrane leading to lysis
- 13. Mannose-binding lectin: soluble acute phase response protein that can bind mannose on pathogens; can activate the lectin pathway of Complement and acts as an opsonin
- 15. lipopolysaccharide: a cell wall component of gram negative bacteria which can be bound by TLR-4 on macrophages and dendritic cells
- 17. Antigen: a molecule that is recognized in native (original) structure by antibodies or B cell receptor, or a peptide that is presented by MHC molecules to T cell receptor
- 19. Regulatory CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells: a T cell subset that is responsible for suppressing or limiting immune responses
- 21. Intracellular adhesion molecules: cells surface ligands for the leukocyte integrins; Critical in binding of lymphocytes and other leukocytes to certain cells
- 22. Transcription factor expressed in Treg cells that is needed for Treg cell function
- 24. Interferon: family name for cytokines that help cells to resist viral infections; type 1 interferons include IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, as distinguished from IFN-gamma.
- 25. Antigen presenting cell: a cell that is able to present antigen via MHC molecules to T cell receptors on T cells
- 28. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity: a mechanism NK cells use to induce apoptosis in virally infected cells or tumor cells
- 30. Pattern recognition receptors: receptors on immune cells and epithelial cells that recognize and bind to PAMPs on microbes
- 31. Toll-like receptor: a family of Pattern Recognition Receptors present on many leukocytes and epithelial cells that recognize PAMPs on pathogens and help initiate immune responses
- 32. Interleukin: general designation of many of the different cytokines, chemical messengers secreted by immune cells that help in their communication with other cells