Across
- 3. System that developed because people needed protection and stability
- 5. Group that guided spiritual life and spread religious authority
- 7. Influence that helped stabilise Europe during chaotic times
- 13. Ten percent tax showing the Church’s economic power
- 15. Code that shaped a knight’s behaviour and values
- 16. Period between ancient times and the Renaissance
- 18. Young worker trained for years to gain specialised skills
- 20. Place where knowledge was preserved during political instability
- 21. Warriors who provided protection in exchange for land
- 22. Settlements that expanded due to increased commerce
- 23. Workers tied to land, showing limited social mobility
- 26. Small states formed when central Roman authority disappeared
- 28. Powerful landholders who governed regions for the king
Down
- 1. Event that triggered political fragmentation in Europe
- 2. System showing how medieval society was sharply divided
- 4. Economic centre where most medieval life occurred
- 5. Background information explaining why Medieval Europe formed
- 6. Aspect of society that shifted from land-based to trade-based
- 8. Organisation protecting skilled workers and setting trade standards
- 9. Activity that weakened feudalism as towns and markets grew
- 10. Group that produced food and kept society functioning
- 11. Place where ordinary people lived and worked
- 12. Institution that influenced laws, beliefs, and education
- 14. Strongest part of a castle, used for protection and storage
- 16. People who copied texts and maintained learning after Rome’s fall
- 17. Structure symbolising both power and defence
- 19. Movement that marked the end of the medieval era
- 24. Land reward exchanged for loyalty and military service
- 25. Its collapse in 476 CE created the conditions for medieval Europe
- 27. Figure who technically owned all land but relied on nobles