Across
- 1. transfer of heat through physical contact
- 3. phosphorylated glucose produced in the first step of glycolysis
- 5. sum of all catabolic and anabolic reactions that take place in the body
- 7. reactions that create new molecules, also called anabolic reactions
- 11. coenzyme used to produce FADH2
- 14. oxygen, the recipient of the free hydrogen at the end of the electron transport chain
- 16. organic compounds required by the body to perform biochemical reactions like metabolism and bone, cell, and tissue growth
- 19. relative amount of body weight compared to the overall height; a BMI ranging from 18–24.9 is considered normal weight, 25–29.9 is considered overweight, and greater than 30 is considered obese
- 20. process that converts high-energy NADH and FADH2 into ATP
- 21. (β)-hydroxybutyrate primary ketone body produced in the body
- 22. enzyme located in the wall of the small intestine that activates trypsin
- 24. proenzyme form of trypsin
- 27. hormone released in the small intestine to aid in digestion
- 29. transfer of heat via infrared waves
- 31. (β)-oxidation fatty acid oxidation
- 33. also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle; converts pyruvate into CO2 and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules
- 35. pancreatic enzyme that activates chymotrypsin and digests protein
- 37. form that glucose assumes when it is stored
- 39. enzyme that begins to break down proteins in the stomach
- 41. alternative source of energy when glucose is limited, created when too much acetyl CoA is created during fatty acid oxidation
- 44. smallest, monomeric sugar molecule
- 46. amount of heat it takes to raise 1 kg (1000 g) of water by 1 °C
- 47. process of breaking proteins into smaller peptides
- 50. high-energy molecule needed for glycolysis
- 52. vesicles containing cholesterol and triglycerides that transport lipids out of the intestinal cells and into the lymphatic and circulatory systems
- 54. created in the first step of the creation of ketone bodies from acetyl CoA
- 55. hormone that stimulates the release of pancreatic lipase and the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile salts
- 58. digestive enzyme that is found in the saliva and begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth
- 59. also called the fasting state; the metabolic state occurring after digestion when food is no longer the body’s source of energy and it must rely on stored glycogen
- 60. series of metabolic reactions that breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP
- 61. process of regulating the temperature of the body
- 63. synthesis of lipids that occurs in the liver or adipose tissues
- 64. amount of energy consumed minus the amount of energy expended by the body
- 65. cellular enzyme, found in the liver, which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate upon uptake into the cell
- 67. complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides
- 68. hormones that stimulate the breakdown of larger molecules
- 69. process that converts potentially toxic nitrogen waste into urea that can be eliminated through the kidneys
- 70. production of ATP from glucose oxidation via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
- 71. forms in which proteases are stored and released to prevent the inappropriate digestion of the native proteins of the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine
- 72. enzymes released from the pancreas that digest lipids in the diet
Down
- 2. lipids, or fats, consisting of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone
- 4. also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle; converts pyruvate into CO2 and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules
- 6. salts that are released from the liver in response to lipid ingestion and surround the insoluble triglycerides to aid in their conversion to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
- 8. loss of an electron
- 9. cellular enzyme, found in most tissues, that converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate upon uptake into the cell
- 10. also called the fed state; the metabolic state occurring during the first few hours after ingesting food in which the body is digesting food and absorbing the nutrients
- 12. breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
- 13. pancreatic enzyme that digests protein
- 15. proenzyme that is activated by trypsin into chymotrypsin
- 17. reactions that break down larger molecules into their constituent parts
- 18. transfer of heat between the skin and air or water
- 23. hormones that stimulate the synthesis of new, larger molecules
- 25. second phase of glycolysis, during which energy is produced
- 26. process of glucose synthesis from pyruvate or other molecules
- 28. transfer of heat that occurs when water changes from a liquid to a gas
- 30. protein pore complex that creates ATP
- 32. three-carbon end product of glycolysis and starting material that is converted into acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs cycle
- 34. gaining of an electron
- 36. reactions that build smaller molecules into larger molecules
- 38. first phase of glycolysis, in which two molecules of ATP are necessary to start the reaction
- 40. ATP production pathway in which electrons are passed through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that forms water and produces a proton gradient
- 42. external temperature at which the body does not expend any energy for thermoregulation, about 84 °F
- 43. CoA (HMG CoA)
- 45. transfer of an amine group from one molecule to another as a way to turn nitrogen waste into ammonia so that it can enter the urea cycle
- 48. pancreatic enzyme that digests protein
- 49. anion released into the small intestine to neutralize the pH of the food from the stomach
- 51. high-energy molecule needed for glycolysis
- 53. starting molecule of the Krebs cycle
- 56. also called the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, converts pyruvate into CO2 and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules
- 57. acid oxidation breakdown of fatty acids into smaller chain fatty acids and acetyl CoA
- 62. hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the uptake of glucose into the cells
- 66. inorganic compounds required by the body to ensure proper function of the body