Across
- 3. The process of heating liquids, such as milk, to kill bacteria
- 4. A molecule or molecular structure recognized by the immune system as foreign, triggering an immune response
- 6. A protein produced by the immune system in response to a specific pathogen
- 8. Microorganisms are everywhere!
- 11. A stain commonly used to differentiate bacterial cells into Gram-positive and Gram-negative
- 13. A protective outer layer found in some bacteria
- 14. A type of symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
- 16. The process of using high temperatures to kill or inactivate microorganisms
- 19. The study of microorganisms
- 20. The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through direct contact
Down
- 1. A bacterial structure that provides motility
- 2. A group of bacteria that thrive in extreme environments
- 5. The process by which bacteria take up DNA from their environment
- 7. A complex, slimy layer of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are encased in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances
- 9. A term used to describe organisms that grow optimally in high-salt environments
- 10. A type of microorganism with a rigid cell wall and no nucleus
- 12. A small, circular piece of DNA that is separate from the chromosomal DNA
- 15. An organism that lives in the absence of oxygen
- 17. The structure responsible for the transfer of genetic material during bacterial conjugation
- 18. The study of viruses