Across
- 2. A body of laws established by the church to regulate its members and clergy.
- 5. A devastating plague that swept through Europe in the 14th century, killing millions.
- 7. Peasants who were bound to the land they worked on and under the control of local lords within the feudal system.
- 10. A prolonged conflict between England and France over territorial claims and royal succession from 1337 to 1453.
- 14. An agreement in 1122 that resolved the Investiture Controversy by distinguishing the powers of the church and the emperor in appointing bishops.
- 17. A local church community within a specific area, often overseen by a priest.
- 18. The long Christian campaign to recapture territory in Spain from Muslim Moors, culminating in 1492.
- 19. The economic system of medieval Europe based on self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants depended on each other.
- 21. Land granted by a lord to a vassal under the feudal system in exchange for service and loyalty.
- 23. A political and social system in medieval Europe where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty.
- 25. Groups of early European peoples, such as the Goths, Vandals, and Saxons, who played key roles in the fall of the Roman Empire.
- 26. Individuals holding beliefs that contradict official church teachings.
- 27. A French peasant girl who claimed divine guidance, led French troops to victories in the Hundred Years' War, and was later canonized as a saint.
- 29. The Pope who crowned Charlemagne as Emperor, thereby strengthening the bond between the church and the Frankish state.
Down
- 1. A 732 AD battle where Charles Martel led the Franks to victory against Muslim invaders, halting Islamic expansion into Western Europe.
- 3. Non-religious; relating to worldly matters rather than spiritual ones.
- 4. A 1215 document signed by King John of England, limiting royal power and establishing certain legal rights for nobles.
- 6. A church tax requiring Christians to pay a portion (often one-tenth) of their income or produce to support the church.
- 8. A set of regulations for monastic life created by St. Benedict that emphasized obedience, poverty, and devotion.
- 9. A powerful Germanic tribe that established a kingdom in Gaul (modern-day France) and significantly influenced medieval European culture.
- 11. King of the Franks who expanded his empire across Europe and was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 AD by Pope Leo III.
- 12. A system of law based on court decisions and customs, developed in England and forming the basis for many legal systems today.
- 13. A severe church penalty that excludes a person from participating in the sacraments and Christian community.
- 15. A series of religious wars initiated by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
- 16. Muslims of North African descent who ruled parts of Spain until the Reconquista.
- 17. The doctrine that the Pope has supreme authority over all secular rulers, including kings and emperors.
- 20. The practice where secular leaders appointed church officials, leading to conflicts with the church.
- 22. A church-led tribunal established to identify and punish heretics and enforce Catholic doctrine.
- 24. The Pope who initiated the First Crusade in 1095 by calling Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
- 28. The first king of the Franks to unite all Frankish tribes under one rule and convert to Christianity around 496 AD.