Across
- 1. cells that result from the division of a single parent cell
- 4. phase when the chromosomes have finished moving to opposite ends of the cell
- 5. the second meiotic division, and usually involves equational segregation, or separation of sister chromatids
- 7. a vital stage during which the cellular components are replicated in preparation for cell division
- 10. separates the pair of homologous chromosomes and reduces the diploid cell to haploid
- 13. variation of genes
- 14. have the same genes in the same order, but there may be variation between them, resulting in different alleles
- 19. a cell that is the source of other cells
- 21. the phase that follows after meiosis I, or after interkinesis if present
- 23. a group of proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle by activating particular enzymes—cyclin dependent kinases
- 25. body cells
- 29. a protein lattice that resembles railroad tracks and connects paired homologous chromosomes in most meiotic systems
- 32. abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues
- 33. one pair of chromosomes (homologous chromosomes) in a tetrad
- 37. a fertilized egg
- 41. male gametes
- 42. the union of two gametes
- 43. a family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death
- 45. deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual
- 49. divides each haploid meiotic cell into two different daughter cells
- 51. occurs primarily in prokaryotes
- 52. cells pinch in the center and divide again. The final outcome is four cells, each with half of the genetic material found in the original
- 53. cancerous, invading
- 54. tumor suppressors
- 55. female gametes
- 57. the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes
- 59. a network of filaments that are formed during the cell division process
- 61. site of eukaryotic chromosomes where sister chromatids appear most tightly paired
- 62. n, one set of chromosomes
- 63. a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes
Down
- 2. when sister chromatids of every chromosome separate and begin to move towards the opposite ends of the cell
- 3. two parents
- 6. a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides
- 8. protein structures located at the ends of each eukaryotic DNA chromosomal arm
- 9. a disk formed in the phragmoplast of a dividing plant cell that eventually forms the middle lamella of the wall between the daughter cells
- 11. a mutant gene that encodes a protein that inappropriately growth and division or promotes programmed cell death
- 12. The process by which a single parent cell splits to form new cells, known as daughter cells. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
- 15. the exchange of genetic material or chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids in meiosis
- 16. the process by which a single parent cell divides to make two new daughter cells
- 17. the chromosomes arrive at the cell poles, the mitotic spindle disassembles, and the vesicles that contain fragments of the original nuclear membrane assemble around the two sets of chromosomes. Phosphatases then dephosphorylate the lamins at each end of the cell
- 18. cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell
- 20. 2n, two sets of chromosomes
- 22. the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length of telomeres by addition of guanine-rich repetitive sequences
- 24. the mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell, and chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
- 26. the process by which one cell physically divides into two cells
- 27. a period of rest that cells of some species enter during meiosis, between meiosis I and meiosis II
- 28. the homologous pairs of chromosomes align on either side of the equatorial plate
- 30. paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
- 31. cell suicide
- 34. any of the rod-shaped or threadlike DNA-containing structures of cellular organisms that are located in the nucleus of eukaryotes
- 35. the pairing of homologous chromosomes, one from each parent, during early meiosis
- 36. group of genes that cause normal cells to become cancerous when they are mutated
- 38. consist of two homologous chromosomes, with a total of four sister chromatids held together by a structure named the chiasmata
- 39. the first step of meiosis that exchanges DNA and causes crossover between chromosomes within the cell dividing
- 40. one parent
- 44. an indentation that appears in a cell's surface when the cell is preparing to divide
- 46. an imaginary line that runs across the cell, dividing the cell into hemispheres
- 47. tumors are considered benign or malignant,non-cancerous
- 48. reproductive cells, haploid cells
- 50. during anaphase A, the chromosomes move to the poles and kinetochore fiber microtubules shorten; during anaphase B, the spindle poles move apart as interpolar microtubules elongate and slide past one another
- 56. phases in the cell cycle that stand for growth 1, synthesis, and growth 2
- 58. an abnormal mass of cells in the body
- 60. the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle