Across
- 5. A set of adjacent structural genes (prokaryotic) whose mRNA is synthesized in one piece, plus the adjacent regulatory signals that affect transcription of the structural genes. OpenReadingFrame A section of a sequenced piece of DNA that begins with a start codon and ends with a stop codon; it is presumed to be the coding sequence of a gene.
- 6. A small, circular, extrachromosomal, self-replicating piece of DNA found in some bacteria.
- 8. A closed, double-stranded DNA molecule that is twisted on itself.
- 9. The portion of a gene that is actually translated into protein. [Eukaryotic genes only.]
- 11. Due to physical shearing or exposure to endogenous or exogenously added nucleases, DNA and RNA can become hydrolyzed or degraded to the oligonucleotide or single-nucleotide level.
- 13. A virus that infects bacteria
- 14. The process of complementary base pairing between two single strands of DNA, DNA and RNA, or sense and anti-sense RNA.
- 16. The process of generating a large number of identical DNA fragments, typically to produce a probe for a specific gene.
- 18. A regulatory sequence that can elevate levels of transcription from an adjacent promoter.
- 19. A short single-stranded DNA or RNA that can act as a start site for 3’ chain growth when bound to a single-stranded template.
- 23. A mutation that alters a codon so that it encodes a different amino acid.
- 24. The structural unit of nucleic acid consisting of phosphate, sugar and purine or pyrimidine base.
- 25. A genetic code in which some amino acids may be encoded by more than one codon each.
- 26. A term used to describe the opposite orientations of the two strands of a DNA double helix; the 5’ end of one strand aligns with the 3’ end of the other strand.
- 27. A string of adenine nucleotides added to mRNA after transcription.
- 28. The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located.
- 29. The enzymes(s) that catalyze formation of new phosphodiester bonds during replication.
- 30. frame The codon sequence that is determined by reading nucleotides in groups of three from some specific start codon.
Down
- 1. An enzyme that covalently joins two pieces of double stranded DNA.
- 2. The specific binding of adenine to thymidine (or uracil in RNA) and cytosine to guanine on opposite strands of DNA or RNA.
- 3. A nucleotide triplet in a tRNA molecule that aligns with a particular codon in mRNA under the influence of the ribosome so that the amino acid carried by the tRNA is inserted in a growing protein chain.
- 4. One of two copies of a gene.
- 7. The process of making double-stranded DNA single stranded.
- 10. site The part of protein that must be maintained in a specific shape if the protein is to be functional.
- 12. A sequence of three nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid
- 15. Increasing the number of copies of a desired DNA segment.
- 17. A kind of mutation that results from the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide pair or pairs, causing a disruption of the translational reading frame.
- 20. Spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix.
- 21. The complete set of hereditary factors of an organism, contained in the chromosome.
- 22. A sequence of nucleotides that code for a product.
- 27. A regulator region a short distance from the 5’ end (transcription start site) of a gene that acts as the binding site for RNA polymerase.