Across
- 1. __________: American composer, considered one of the founding figures of minimalism, famous for his film scores, concert music, and opera, such as Music in Twelve Parts
- 6. Richard __________: Composer who, with his two collaborators, composed the most successful and innovative musicals of the Golden Age
- 9. a long-playing record that typically plays at 33 and one third revolutions per minute, allowing up to 25 min per side
- 12. Karlheinz __________: German composer who applied serial techniques to pitch, duration, dynamics, etc; he pioneered electronic music and indeterminacy and was an influential figure of the postwar avant-garde
- 13. A 1980s development in tango music, spearheaded by Astor Piazzolla, incorporating elements of jazz and art music
- 15. Beginning in 1946, a summer festival and courses on contemporary music was held in the German city of ___________, creating a center for serialism
- 16. A type of concertina or small accordion popular in Argentina; it is an essential instrument in tango ensembles
- 17. Aaron __________: 20th century composer who achieved a distinctively American style by incorporating elements of jazz and other vernacular musics, such as in Appalachian Spring
- 18. Sergey __________: Soviet pianist and composer who returned to the USSR after 20 years of successful career in the West; he’s primarily known for his piano works, ballets, and film scores
- 19. Tonal technique developed by Arvo Pärt in which a voice has the melody and other voices sound the notes of the tonic triad
- 20. Heitor __________: Cellist, guitarist and composer who fused Brazilian vernacular musics with modernist and neoclassical elements, considered one of the most important composers of Latin America
- 25. George __________: American composer whose works explore new and unusual timbres produced with traditional instruments; Black Angels for electric string quartet is an example
- 29. Artistic and cultural movement, prevalent since the late 1970s, which embraces hybridity, fragmentation, borrowing from older styles, irony, and breaking down barriers between popular and fine art
- 30. Vocal African American folk music that can be said to be the foundation of much of American popular music
- 32. ________ School: term used to describe the composers like Schoenberg and his students who embraced atonality and serialism in the early 20th c.
- 33. Harry __________: American composer who invented several instruments to realize his music based on his 43-note untempered microtonal scale
- 35. Benjamin __________: British composer, conductor, and pianist, known for his neotonal, accessible works, who wrote the finest English operas since Purcell
- 37. Postmodernist style that developed in the mid-1970s that returns to the emotional expression associated with 19th-c. Romanticism
- 42. Leonard __________: Pianist, conductor, composer and teacher who was the first American conductor of the NY Philharmonic and made significant contributions to both art music and Broadway
- 44. __________: American composer who pioneered minimalist music in the mid 1960s; his In C uses elements of chance music.
- 45. Realistic style that Soviet artists were compelled to use, which celebrated socialism and revolutionary heroes in a simple, accessible language with an emphasis on folk-like melodies
- 46. American organist and composer whose experimental works combine elements of Romanticism and modernism and was unknown for most of his composing career; musical quotations are an inherent part of his compositions.
- 47. Loose group of avant-garde artists who created pieces of performance art in NY in the 1960s and 70s; Yoko Ono was a member
- 48. Arvo __________: Estonian composer, famous primarily for his choral works, who works in a radically simplified style
- 49. Pierre __________: French composer and conductor who used serial methods; as director of IRCAM he explored electronic and computer music
- 50. Nadia __________: French organist, composer and teacher who, beginning in the 1920s, was responsible for training several generations of American composers.
- 51. A method of composition in which a fixed series of elements governs the entire composition. Most commonly, the series is the 12-pitch row, but around WWII composers sometimes extended serialism to elements other than pitch
- 53. Edgard __________: French-born composer who conceived of music as organized sound, championed contemporary music, and pioneered several electronic techniques such as working with magnetic tape (musique concrète)
- 54. Steve __________: Minimalist composer who writes “process music”, an idea based on tape loops.
- 55. Jennifer __________: American contemporary composer and flutist, student of George Crumb, whose music exemplifies accessible modernism; her blue cathedral is one of today’s most performed contemporary orchestral works
Down
- 1. Osvaldo __________: Argentinian-born contemporary composer, student of George Crumb, whose music combines computer music, modernist, and Latin American elements
- 2. Silvestre __________: Violinist, composer and conductor who blended Mexican folk and popular music with dissonant modernism and colorful orchestration; considered one of the most important composers of Mexico and Latin America
- 3. John __________: Postmodernist American composer whose tonal, deeply expressive works include the Academy-Award-winning score for The Red Violin
- 4. Olivier __________: French organist, composer and teacher who created a completely individual sound based on artificial modes; his music often has mystical and religious themes
- 5. Ellen Taaffe __________: American composer and violinist whose works are an example of accessible modernism; She received the first Pulitzer Prize in music awarded to a woman, for her Symphony No. 1
- 7. Dmitri __________: Soviet pianist and composer, regarded as the greatest symphonist of the 20th c.; critics see possible resistance vs oppression in his works, such as the 5th Symphony
- 8. Igor __________: Russian pianist, conductor and composer, famous primarily for his modernist ballets based on Russian elements; he was one of the most influential composers of the 20th c.
- 10. An experimental technique in which foreign objects are placed inside a piano to modify its sound
- 11. A term that describes a new era of human communication and interconnection across cultural, national, and geographic boundaries
- 14. Late 20th century artistic movement that sought an intentionally simplified style; in music based upon the repetition and gradual variation of simple melodic fragments
- 21. the practice of re-using small sections of other artists’ records in a new song, commonly used in many rap, hip hop, R&B, ambient, and rock records since the 1980s
- 22. Milton __________: American composer and theorist who pioneered total serialism and computer and electronic music
- 23. A compositional technique in which the principles of tone rows are applied to parameters other than pitch, such as duration, dynamics, articulation, etc.
- 24. the glorification of indigenous traditions and heritage; it constitutes a primary element of Mexican Revolutionary Nationalism
- 26. Innovative ballet company founded in Paris in 1909 by Russian impresario Serge Diaghilev, which premiered many of the most significant ballets of the early 20th c., notably Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring
- 27. Also known as chance or aleatory music, it is an experimental genre in which the composer gives up control over significant aspects of the composition or performance of the piece. The most extreme example might be Cage’s 4’33’’
- 28. Experimental technique using recorded sounds as raw material, pioneered in the late 1940s and 50s in France by Edgard Varèse among others
- 31. Neue Sachlichkeit, a term that describes the aesthetic of many composers in Weimar Germany, which held that music should communicate clearly, opposed complexity and used familiar elements drawn from popular music, jazz, and Classical and Baroque periods
- 34. Pianist, bandleader, arranger, and composer, who is known as the most significant composer of big band music and one of the most influential American composers
- 36. Krzysztof _________: Polish avant-garde composer known for his works based on texture and process
- 38. John __________: American composer who radically expanded the range of sounds allowed to be considered “music,” using the prepared piano and inventing several aleatory compositional techniques.
- 39. Music for everyday use, or “Utility music”
- 40. Astor __________: Argentinian composer who integrated Argentine popular music with classical forms, becoming a leader of the Nuevo Tango
- 41. Ruth __________: Pianist, composer, and folk song editor who was the first woman to win a Guggenheim Fellowship in composition
- 43. Pianist, teacher, ethnomusicologist, and composer who synthesized elements of Eastern European folk and Western classical musics; along with Liszt he is considered one of Hungary’s greatest composers
- 45. __________: Postmodernist Russian composer whose works quote and evoke different styles and historical periods, such as in his Concerto Grosso No. 1
- 52. Group of young modernist French composers who in the 1920s and 30s were strongly influenced by Satie and neoclassicism