Across
- 3. Businesses where investors share ownership and profits, used to fund overseas trade.
- 5. 1739 slave uprising in South Carolina, one of the largest in colonial British America.
- 6. 1680 uprising by Native Americans in the Southwest against Spanish colonizers and forced religion.
- 7. Japanese government that united the country, isolated it from outsiders, and controlled the samurai.
- 10. (Manchu) Foreign dynasty that ruled China from 1644 to 1912 and kept many Chinese traditions.
- 12. Spanish system where colonists were given land and forced Indigenous labor in exchange for "protecting" them.
- 13. Inventor of the movable-type printing press in the 15th century, helping to spread the ideas of the Reformation.
- 14. System where governments hired people to collect taxes, often leading to corruption and overtaxing.
- 16. Empire Muslim empire that ruled most of India and built the Taj Mahal.
- 19. Brutal journey across the Atlantic that enslaved Africans endured on their way to the Americas.
- 20. German monk who sparked the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses, challenging the Catholic Church’s practices.
- 22. African state that grew wealthy and powerful by trading gold and enslaved people.
- 24. The global transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
- 26. Religious movements in the 16th century that divided Christianity into Catholic and Protestant branches and led to reforms within the Catholic Church.
- 27. Religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, focused on education and missionary work.
- 28. Deadly disease brought by Europeans that devastated Indigenous populations in the Americas.
- 30. African queen who resisted Portuguese colonization and slave raids in Angola during the 1600s.
- 33. Powerful trading company that helped Britain dominate trade and rule in India.
- 35. (Russia) System where peasants were tied to land and forced to work for landlords, especially in Eastern Europe.
- 36. (Silver) Economic problem caused by too much silver entering Europe from the Americas, raising prices
- 38. Conflict between English colonists and Native Americans in New England (1675–1676), led by Metacom.
- 40. African food crop brought to the Americas by enslaved people and now common in Southern cooking.
- 41. Large, impressive buildings used by rulers to show their wealth and power.
- 43. Instrument that helped sailors find their latitude by measuring stars.
- 44. Italian explorer who sailed for Spain and landed in the Americas in 1492.
- 45. Period of new scientific ideas in the 16th and 17th centuries that changed the way people viewed the world and the universe.
- 47. Settlements formed by escaped enslaved Africans in the Americas who resisted colonial rule.
- 48. Forced movement of millions of Africans to the Americas for labor on plantations.
Down
- 1. Church-led investigations aimed at suppressing heresy, especially during the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
- 2. Racial hierarchy in Spanish colonies that ranked people based on ancestry and skin color.
- 4. Portuguese royal who sponsored exploration along Africa’s coast in the 1400s.
- 8. Sculptor and painter, known for his work on the Sistine Chapel and the statue of David.
- 9. European belief that monarchs got their power directly from God and should not be challenged.
- 11. Economic system where colonies exist to benefit the mother country by exporting raw materials and importing finished goods.
- 14. Series of civil wars in France where nobles and commoners rebelled against royal power in the 1600s.
- 15. Long-lasting Muslim empire that conquered Constantinople and ruled parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
- 17. Invention that revolutionized the spread of information in the 15th century, leading to increased literacy and the spread of ideas.
- 18. Navigational tool using Earth’s magnetic field to show direction at sea.
- 21. Warrior class in feudal Japan who followed a strict code of honor and served the shogun.
- 23. Fortified coastal outposts set up to control long distance trade.
- 25. Mixed-race groups created by blending European, Indigenous, and African ancestries in the Americas.
- 29. Labor system in colonial South America where Indigenous people were forced to work in mines.
- 31. Explosive material that transformed warfare and helped empires like the Ottomans expand.
- 32. Trade route connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, exchanging goods, slaves, and raw materials.
- 34. (Sugarcane) Crops like sugar grown on plantations for sale rather than for local use.
- 37. Renowned Renaissance artist, inventor, and thinker, famous for works like the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper."
- 39. English scientist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, key figures in the Scientific Revolution.
- 42. Ottoman system of taking Christian boys to train as elite soldiers or government officials.
- 45. Empire Shia Muslim empire based in Persia, known for art and conflict with Sunni neighbors.
- 46. Fast ships used by Portuguese and Dutch for long-distance ocean trade and travel.