Across
- 1. Year in which Ferdinand and Isabella sent Columbus on his first voyage, defeated the last Muslim kingdom of Spain, and evicted the Jews from Spain
- 5. A major cause of population decline in Europe in the late Middle Ages. Reactions to this event helped set the stage for the Renaissance
- 8. Spanish monarchs from Aragon and Castille whose marriage helped to unite the nations of Spain
- 10. Conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire
- 11. Name given to a philosophy from the Italian Renaissance that emphasized ancient Greece and Rome and advocated for people to cultivate a broad set of virtues
- 14. An Italian political philosopher whose ruthless, non-Christian advice was aimed at helping rulers maintain their power
- 15. Treaty between Spain and Portugal, backed by the pope, which divided the New World into two parts
- 16. Politician, philosopher, and statesman from ancient Rome whose ideas helped fuel Italian Renaissance Humanism
- 17. an astronomical instrument which helped determine a ship’s latitude and which enabled European exploration during the Renaissance
- 18. the name of powerful offices set up in Spain and Rome for the purpose of rooting out heresy in their boarders
- 19. The name given to a person who paid commissions for the creation of works of art, usually in order to obtain greater prestige
- 20. Portuguese king who founded schools of navigation and under whose influence Portugal began its overseas empire
- 21. An Italian city-state ruled by the Medici which was one of the homes of the Italian Renaissance
- 22. Dutch Northern Humanist thinker from who attempted to blend Christianity and Italian Humanism and who defended Catholicism against Luther
- 23. Italian scholar whose rediscovery of Cicero’s letters is often credited as one of the major causes of the Renaissance
- 24. A period in the late Middle Ages during which there were rival popes living in Rome and the French city of Avignon
- 25. Italian High Renaissance painter whose works like “The School of Athens” exemplified the balance and emphasis on classical themes typical of Renaissance art
Down
- 1. Conflict between France and England in the century before the Renaissance which led both nations to have stronger central monarchies
- 2. system enacted as a part of Triangular Trade to help create a labor force in the New World
- 3. Europeans brought these to the New World and as a result up to 90% of indigenous populations died
- 4. an organization of north German towns and merchants that dominated commerce in northern Europe from the 1200s to the 1400s. They came into conflict with the Dutch late in their history
- 6. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who fought against Protestantism at its beginning and eventually split his empire into Spanish and Austrian halves.
- 7. A powerful family from Florence whose banking activities funded many activities in Europe during the Renaissance
- 9. invention by Johannes Gutenberg which enabled the rapid spread of ideas in the Renaissance
- 12. the widespread transfer of people, crops, animals, and diseases between the New World and the Old World
- 13. Northern Humanist thinker from England who envisioned a perfect Christian Utopia, who was later executed by his former student Henry VIII