Across
- 4. Leading philosophe who published the Encyclopedia, a compilation of essays and articles from many leading scholars; though censored, the Encyclopedia helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people throughout Europe.
- 5. The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize various ideas and customs in a way that is powerful, but not preachy
- 9. English mathematician and scientist who discovered the law of universal gravitation, the idea that the same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and space
- 11. English political philosopher who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty and property; emphasized that the purpose of government is to protect natural rights
- 16. A large published collection of articles and essays from leading Enlightenment era scholars; helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe; provoked the anger of the French government and the Catholic
- 17. French mathematician who called for a rejection of old assumptions in favor of using math and logic; believed everything should be doubted and proved by reason; "I think, therefore I am."
- 20. The division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government; intended to prevent any individual or group from gaining control of the government
- 24. A logical approach for gathering and testing ideas; involves identifying a problem or question through observation, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions based on observations or data
- 27. Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs; business should operate with little or no interference from government
- 30. Informal social gathering at which writers, artists, scientists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas during the Enlightenment
- 31. Long held belief that the Earth was the center of the Universe; the idea that the sun, moon, and the planets all moved in circular paths around the Earth
- 32. French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers as well as for checks and balances between the branches of government
- 33. An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by extravagant, ornate, or over-the-top design; utilized dark shadows, robust individuals, and movement; emphasized Catholicism and monarchy
- 34. An artistic style of the late 1700s in Europe reflecting simplicity and elegance based on ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome; emphasized civic duty and love of country; inspiration behind the Capitol and Jefferson Memorial
Down
- 1. A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and ultimately lead many to question long-held established doctrinal beliefs
- 2. A system by which each branch of government limits power of other branches; prevents any one branch from accumulating too much power
- 3. Enlightenment thinker who emphasized the equality of all persons, that the general will of the people should be expressed through a system of direct democracy, and that restrictions on the people should be minimal
- 6. An artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular (non-religious), featured landscape scenes, depicted the nobility at leisure; light, superficial, and highly criticized by philosophes
- 7. An economic policy under which nations sought be self sufficient, ultimately selling more goods than they bought to increase their wealth and power
- 8. English politician and writer who called on scholars to question the conclusions of ancient thinkers; urged scientists to rely on data from experimentation (empiricism), rather than reasoning from abstract theories
- 10. Italian astronomer and mathematician who constructed a telescope to study the stars; supported the heliocentric theory based on his observations, but later recanted under threat of torture by the church
- 12. Empress of Russia and Enlightened despot who supported religious tolerance and opposed torture; few actual reforms were implemented in Russia and a peasant revolt was violently crushed leading to a strengthening of serfdom
- 13. Ruler of Prussia and Enlightened despot who believed a ruler should act like a father to his people and a "servant of the state;" promoted religious freedom, reduced censorship, abolished torture; while opposed to serfdom, he tolerated it for fear of upsetting the nobility
- 14. The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun; proposed by Copernicus and supported by Kepler and Galileo
- 15. Born with rights that include life, liberty, and property; according to Locke, they are to be protected by the government
- 18. An intellectual movement that emphasized science and reason and the power of individuals to solve problems; represented a pursuit of new insight into underlying beliefs regarding government, religion, economics, and education
- 19. A group of "radical" French thinkers who emphasized applying human reason to address problems in all aspects of life
- 21. Absolute rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideals and introduced various reforms, though without any intention of giving up personal power
- 22. French economic thinkers who emphasized economic reforms based on natural law; opposed mercantilism and embraced laissez-faire
- 23. Rules discoverable by reason, governed by forces such as gravity and magnetism.
- 25. Restriction on access to ideas and information
- 26. Hapsburg Emperor of Austria and Enlightened despot who traveled in disguise among his population to better relate to their problems; supported freedom of the press and of worship; abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor; his reforms were opposed by nobles and cancelled following his death
- 28. English political philosopher who emphasized that people were naturally selfish and wicked; argued that people voluntarily handed over their rights to an all powerful monarch tasked with the role of maintaining order and protecting them from one another
- 29. French philosopher who encouraged freedom of speech, separation of church and state, and the right to practice one's faith free of persecution; exiled for a time as a result of his ideas