Across
- 4. a feature of a substance that describes how its chemical identity changes in the presence of another substance or under certain conditions
- 8. the property of a substance that indicates how readily its particles can be pushed closer together, reducing the volume of the substance
- 11. a state of matter that can form near absolute zero (0 K) when atoms slow their motion enough to merge into a single "super atom"
- 12. the state of a substance in which its particles occupy fixed positions; in this state the substance is rigid, or nearly so, and has a definite volume and shape, and low compressibility
- 13. a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow; the "thickness" of a liquid or gas
- 14. a nonuniform mixture that contains two or more distinct phases, usually of different kinds of matter
- 15. the center of an atom; it contains protons and usually neutrons, which make up nearly all the mass of the atom
- 19. pressure the gas pressure exerted on the surface of a liquid by its vapor in a closed container when the gas and liquid are in equilibrium
- 20. any feature of matter that can be observed or measured without altering the kind of matter being studied
- 22. a gaslike substance formed at very high temperatures that consists of high-energy ions
- 23. the change of state from gas to liquid when thermal energy is released to the surroundings
- 24. the process of spreading out and mixing due to particle motion
- 28. the change of state from a solid to al liquid when thermal energy is absorbed
- 30. the concept that tiny particles in constant, random motion make up all matter
- 33. a substance that can flow; a liquid or a gas
- 35. an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, thus producing an imbalance between the number of protons and electrons in the particle
- 36. the change in the energy or composition of an atom's nucleus when it emits or absorbs nuclear radiation
- 41. a high-temperature state of matter that forms when nuclei collide with such energy that their protons and neutrons are broken down into a "soup" of elementary particles called quarks and gluons
- 43. a connection that atoms make with each other by sharing or transferring electrons to form larger structure, such as molecules
Down
- 1. the change of state from a solid directly to a vapor (or vice versa) at temperatures below the freezing point of the substance
- 2. the change of state from a liquid to a solid when thermal energy is released
- 3. rapid vaporization that occurs when a liquid's vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure and the static pressure in the liquid, forming vapor bubbles; this may occur anywhere in the liquid
- 5. a nonchemical combination of two or more substances
- 6. a physical form of matter determined by the arrangement and energy of its particles; the three most common are solid, liquid, and gas
- 7. theory the concept that all matter is made of exceedingly small particles
- 8. any change in a substance that alters its composition (the kind and ratio of elements in the substance)
- 9. a pure substance consisting of atoms of two or more elements bonded together in a fixed ratio
- 10. a uniform mixture of particles of different substances that form a single phase; also called solution
- 16. the microscopic, random jostling of suspended matter due to the collisions of innumerable gas or liquid particles in which the matter is suspended
- 17. the state of a substance in which its particles are far apart and have large kinetic energies; in this state the substance has no fixed volume or shape, is highly compressible, and is able to flow
- 18. a pure substance that contains only one kind of atom
- 21. any change that does not alter the composition of a substance
- 22. matter that has distinctly different properties from other matter around it; one of the physical states of a substance in a mixture of its different states; a separate part of a heterogeneous mixture
- 25. a neutral nuclear particle, or nucleon; it has about the same mass as a proton, and its purpose seems to be to stabilize the nucleus
- 26. a particle with unusual properties that carries a single negative fundamental charge and occupies the spherical volume of space around the nucleus of an atom
- 27. a nuclear particle, or nucleon, that carries a single positive fundamental charge; its mass is about 1836 times that of an electron's; the number of these in an atom determines its identity as an element
- 29. distinct particles formed when two or more atoms bond together
- 31. relatively slow vaporization that occurs when a liquid's temperature is below its boiling point but above its freezing point; this occurs only at the surface of the liquid
- 32. the state of a substance in which its particles are close together but mobile; in this state the substance has definite volume but no fixed shape; it has low compressibility, can flow, and has a free surface
- 34. any process in which particles of a liquid enter the gaseous phase
- 37. pressure the pressure a gas exerts on its container or on an object immersed in it
- 38. the gaseous phase of a substance
- 39. a substance that contains only a single element or compound
- 40. anything that occupies space and has mass
- 42. the basic particle of matter from which all other matter is constructed; it consists of protons, electrons, and (usually) neutrons