Across
- 4. a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.
- 5. an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease.
- 7. a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.
- 10. A phosphate group is just a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms.
- 11. the action of copying or reproducing something.
- 12. The rule that in DNA there is always equality in quantity between the bases A and T and between the bases G and C.
- 13. a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites.
- 14. scientific tests or techniques used in connection with the detection of crime.
- 16. relating to or denoting an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced.
- 20. A purine base that is a component of DNA and RNA, forming a base pair with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA.
- 22. a technique used especially for identification (as for forensic purposes) by extracting and identifying the base-pair pattern of an individual's DNA
- 24. a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.
- 27. A pyrimidine base found in dna and rna that pairs with guanine.
- 28. a step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
- 29. an enzyme that is responsible for making rna from a dna template.
- 30. an enzyme that brings about ligation of DNA or another substance.
- 31. a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.
Down
- 1. an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers. These primers serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
- 2. a compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.
- 3. technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
- 6. A type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules.
- 8. A cell, group of cells, or organism that is produced asexually from and is genetically identical to a single ancestor.
- 9. a written or printed representation of something.
- 15. enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes.
- 17. the area where the replication of DNA will actually take place.
- 18. a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
- 19. Genetically-engineered DNA molecule formed by splicing fragments of DNA from a different source or from another part of the same source, and then introduced into the recipient (host) cell.
- 21. a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
- 23. A purine base found in dna and RNA; pairs with cytosine.
- 25. The pair of nitrogenous bases that connects the complementary strands of DNA or of double-stranded RNA and consists of a purine linked by hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine.
- 26. a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.