Across
- 1. Imaginary line joining points of equal elevation
- 3. Instrument used for measuring magnetic bearings
- 4. Method of determining distances and elevations using optical observations
- 7. Rule used for accurate computation of earthwork volumes
- 8. Survey conducted for property and boundary demarcation
- 10. Instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles
- 12. Process of determining the elevations of points on the earth's surface
- 15. Electronic technique used for measuring distances
- 16. Fixed reference point of known elevation
- 17. Method used for calculating irregular areas from offsets
- 18. Satellite-based positioning and navigation system
- 21. Survey in which angular measurements are made using a theodolite
- 22. Method of determining elevations using vertical angles and distances
Down
- 2. Atmospheric effect causing bending of light rays during levelling
- 3. Surveying method based on linear measurements only
- 5. Method of setting out a simple circular curve using deflection angles
- 6. Lateral distance measured from a survey line to locate details
- 7. Science of obtaining measurements from aerial photographs
- 9. Modern surveying instrument combining EDM and angle measurement
- 11. Effect of the earth's spherical shape on levelling observations
- 13. Horizontal angle measured with respect to a reference meridian
- 14. Error in compass surveying caused by nearby magnetic influences
- 19. Gradual change in alignment connecting two straight lines
- 20. Global navigation satellite system used for precise positioning
- 21. Series of connected survey lines whose lengths and directions are measured