Across
- 1. The taxation and redistribution of food supplies led to the creation of these bodies.
- 7. Ruled the new kingdom of Babylon from 1792 BCE to 1750 BCE
- 10. Mesopotamian stepped-temples.
- 11. Its earliest tablets with written inscriptions, represent the work of administrators recording the allocation of rations or movement of storage goods.
- 13. The earliest known occurrence of organized warfare was when Uruk expanded into this city, destroying the native architecture.
- 15. The first empire in recorded history.
- 16. A Sumerian city surrounded by walls 20 ft tall, with a population of 50k, a ziggurat in the city-center, and a full-time bureaucracy and military.
- 19. A major Sumerian city-state located in Mesopotamia, its patron god was Nanna, and the city’s name literally means, “the abode of Nanna.”
- 20. This iconic ruler was king of Uruk, though the tale could have been based on a mythical figure.
- 22. They were the first to develop a permanent settlement in Mesopotamia and founded the earliest villages, towns, and then cities.
- 25. This was the cosmic opposite of the heavens and a shadowy, underground version of life on earth.
- 28. The Mesopotamian goddess of love and war.
- 29. Mesopotamians practiced this method of interpreting messages found in the organs of sheep to understand the will of the gods.
- 31. The Ubaid people lived in large houses of many rooms made of this material, which allowed extended families to reside together.
- 34. The centuries from 2900 BCE to 2350 BCE are known as this period and during it, the population of Sumer grew dramatically.
- 36. This was the second stage of government in Mesopotamia after the intensification of social hierarchy.
- 37. They believed that Enlil destroyed all of humanity with this natural disaster, because they were too noisy.
- 38. An elite person with full civil rights, whose birth, marriage, and death were recorded.
- 39. Early Sumerian cities were stratified and not initially ruled by a king, but this leader of the temples.
- 41. This invention made transportation of goods across long distances far easier.
- 44. In this, Babylonians introduced concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical exam, prescriptions, and methods of therapy utilizing logic in diagnosis.
Down
- 2. A free man who may have been landless.
- 3. The Oldest significant astronomical text, it is of Babylonian origin.
- 4. A tavern keeper who became the first female ruler in history in 2400 BCE, ruling as Queen regent in her own right.
- 5. The Uruk Period is characterized by the formation of these in Mesopotamia.
- 6. Hammurabi’s Code utilizes this type of justice.
- 8. The Mesopotamian sky god.
- 9. A slave whose master paid for his upkeep, but also took his compensation.
- 12. The Ziggurat of Ur was built in the 21st century BCE during his reign.
- 13. Ancient Mesopotamia was situated along the Euphrates and this other river
- 14. Each city temple worshipped one of these as the city’s special protector.
- 17. The first king of Assyria to be addressed as, “The God of Akkad,” marking a shift from the belief that kings were just representatives of the gods.
- 18. As Mesopotamian trade developed, merchants set these up to assist trade in other regions and cities.
- 21. This demon cursed Enkidu before he was killed.
- 23. The early secular leader of the Mesopotamian people.
- 24. Having been granted immortality, he promised to show Gilgamesh his secret if he could complete a difficult quest.
- 26. The ruler of the Mesopotamian Netherworld.
- 27. The Mesopotamian god of earth, storms, agriculture, and controller of fates.
- 30. Used by Mesopotamians to designate personal property or as a signature on documents.
- 32. After Sargon I withdrew the Assyrians from the region, this dynasty retained control, founding the city-state of Babylon in 1894 BCE.
- 33. The founder of the Akkadian Empire, he has the nickname, “the gardener” and spent much of his reign conquering territory.
- 35. As ruler of Umma, he expande his realm by conquering Ur and Uruk, before defeating Lagash.
- 40. They invaded the Akkadian Empire, leading to its outright collapse.
- 42. The Euphrates River was given this name by the native Sumerians, a word meaning, “Great Rushing Flood”.
- 43. He was sent down by Anu to challenge the cruel King Gilgamesh, but they ultimately became good friends.