Across
- 4. exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law
- 7. Carta effectively the first written constitution in European history
- 8. a young person learning a trade from a master
- 11. a medieval European monk who traveled from place to place preaching to the poor
- 12. having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters; nonreligious
- 13. in the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect their economic interests
- 14. during the Middle Ages in Europe, a lord's estate thatincluded one or more villages and the surrounding lands
- 15. referring to the Middle Ages in Europe or the period of history between ancient and modern times
- 16. in medieval Europe, a lord who was granted land inexchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord
- 17. a European noble who served as a mounted warrior
Down
- 1. a wandering poet or singer of medieval Europe
- 2. in the Middle Ages, a written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town
- 3. code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages
- 5. money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise
- 6. in medieval Europe, a peasant bound to the lord's land
- 9. a mock battle in which knights would compete against one another to display their fighting skills
- 10. in medieval Europe, an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty
- 11. loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord