Across
- 3. Relating to the countryside, agricultural areas, and farming.
- 5. Professional soldiers who offered protection and served their lords.
- 6. A large estate or parcel of land owned by a lord, including his castle, farmland, and the village where peasants lived.
- 8. People who bought and sold goods for a living, especially dealing with large amounts of traded items between different towns or regions.
- 10. Peasants who were not tied to the land and had more rights than serfs. They could leave the manor and move or sell their goods as they pleased.
- 11. A mandatory tax paid to the Christian Church, usually consisting of one-tenth (10%) of a person's earnings or farm produce.
- 12. High-ranking nobles who owned large areas of land (fiefs) granted to them by the King.
- 14. High-ranking members of the Christian clergy
- 17. People who have been ordained to perform religious duties in the Christian Church, such as priests, monks, and nuns.
- 18. The lowest social class in the feudal system. They worked the land for the lords in exchange for a place to live and protection.
- 19. A craftsman who had completed an apprenticeship but was not yet a master.
- 20. A code of conduct followed by knights. It emphasized honor, bravery, courtesy, protecting the weak, and loyalty to one's lord and God.
Down
- 1. A political and social system in medieval Europe where land was exchanged for service and loyalty.
- 2. A highly skilled craftsman who owned his own shop, employed journeymen, and could train apprentices. They had to submit a "masterpiece" to the guild for approval.
- 4. A general term for the majority of the population who were not nobles or clergy. This group included peasants, artisans, and merchants.
- 7. of Allegiance A formal, sworn promise of loyalty and service made by a vassal (like a knight or a lord) to a higher-ranking lord or King.
- 9. Laws These regulated what people could wear or how they could spend money, based on their social rank.
- 10. A plot of land granted to a vassal by a lord in exchange for the vassal's loyalty and service (usually military service.
- 13. Associations of people working in the same craft or trade (like bakers, weavers, or blacksmiths). They set standards for quality, trained workers, and protected their members.
- 15. A system or organization where people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority
- 16. Relating to a city or town. These areas became centers for trade and craft during the late Middle Ages.