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- 2. The first ten amendments protect freedoms like speech, religion, and due process. Ratified in 1791, it addressed Anti-Federalist concerns.
- 4. This law created a system for surveying and selling land in the Northwest Territory. It raised money for government debt, funded schools, and encouraged westward expansion.
- 6. French agents demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats (1797-1798), sparking outrage. It led to the Quasi-War and strengthened support for the Federalists.
- 7. Jackson, 7th President, promoted democracy for white men and won fame at the Battle of New Orleans. His presidency included the Indian Removal Act and expanded executive power.
- 9. The 1777 American victory at Saratoga was a turning point in the Revolutionary War. It convinced France to support the colonies with military aid and troops.
- 11. It outlined governance for the Northwest Territory and statehood process. It banned slavery and protected rights like religion and jury trials.
- 15. Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution, fearing strong national power and loss of individual freedoms. They demanded a Bill of Rights to protect citizens and supported states' rights.
- 18. Adams appointed judges before leaving office in 1801 to keep Federalist influence. This led to the Marbury v. Madison case and established judicial review.
- 19. Eli Whitney's 1794 invention sped up cotton processing. It increased cotton profits, strengthened slavery, and shaped the Southern economy.
- 22. Proposed in 1787, it called for a one-house legislature with equal representation for all states. It favored small states and influenced the Great Compromise.
- 23. Passed in 1798, they restricted immigration and punished government criticism. They limited free speech and contributed to Federalist election losses.
- 27. This 1787 agreement counted three out of five enslaved people for representation and taxation. It gave Southern states more political power despite enslaved people having no rights.
- 28. Thoreau promoted simple living, self-reliance, and civil disobedience. His ideas influenced leaders like Gandhi and MLK Jr.
- 29. Henry Clay's plan after the War of 1812 included tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements. Its goal was national economic growth and independence from Europe.
- 30. Jefferson sent them to explore the Louisiana Purchase, map land, and build Native American relations (1804-1806). Their expedition expanded U.S. knowledge and encouraged westward settlement.
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- 1. Article I created Congress, with the House and Senate. It makes laws, controls spending, and checks other branches.
- 3. The 1803 case established judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional. Chief Justice Marshall strengthened the Supreme Court's power.
- 5. The 1819 treaty gave Florida to the U.S. and set western boundaries. In exchange, the U.S. gave up claims to Texas, expanding national territory.
- 8. Nativism favored native-born Americans over immigrants. It fueled anti-immigrant movements and discriminatory laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act.
- 10. Britain banned settlement west of the Appalachians after the French and Indian War. Colonists were angered, increasing tensions before the Revolution.
- 12. Farmers protested a federal whiskey tax (1791-1794) as unfair. President Washington's response proved the new government could enforce its laws.
- 13. Announced in 1823, it warned Europe against interfering in the Americas. It established U.S. dominance in the Western Hemisphere.
- 14. Power is divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent abuse. Each branch can limit the others through vetoes or judicial review.
- 16. Tecumseh led a Native American confederacy resisting U.S. land expansion. He allied with the British during the War of 1812 and became a symbol of Native resistance.
- 17. This 1830 law forced Native Americans from the Southeast to lands west of the Mississippi. It caused the Trail of Tears, killing thousands.
- 20. Suffrage is the right to vote, originally limited to white men with property. It expanded through amendments, though discrimination persisted until 1965.
- 21. Jefferson authored the Declaration of Independence and was the 3rd President. He completed the Louisiana Purchase but also owned slaves.
- 24. Created by Article III, it interprets laws and decides if they are constitutional. It includes the Supreme Court and federal courts, balancing power with Congress and the President.
- 25. Madison was a Founding Father, Constitution author, Bill of Rights writer, and 4th President. He shaped U.S. government and individual freedoms.
- 26. Shays' Rebellion (1786-1787) was an armed protest by farmers in Massachusetts over taxes and debt. It showed the national government was too weak under the Articles of Confederation, prompting calls for a stronger federal government.