Across
- 3. This iconic portrait by Leonardo da Vinci is celebrated for its subject's mysterious expression and the use of the sfumato technique.
- 5. The series of dynastic civil wars in England fought between the supporters of the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
- 8. The Portuguese explorer who was the first European to successfully sail around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope.
- 10. This era represents the pinnacle of artistic production in Italy, featuring the work of masters like Da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.
- 12. The Hapsburg ruler who inherited a massive global empire and presided over the Diet of Worms.
- 13. The Spanish labor system in the Americas that granted settlers the right to native labor, which often led to brutal exploitation.
- 14. Michelangelo’s massive marble masterpiece that symbolized the strength and independence of the city of Florence.
- 15. This Florentine painter is credited with pioneering a more realistic, three-dimensional style that broke away from flat Byzantine traditions.
- 18. A period of high inflation in Europe caused by a rising population and the massive influx of silver from the New World.
- 19. The site of Michelangelo’s massive ceiling frescoes, including "The Creation of Adam," located within the Vatican.
- 21. Often called the "Father of Humanism," he wrote famous letters addressed to "Ancient Dead" authors like Cicero and Virgil.
- 23. This German goldsmith revolutionized the spread of literacy and Reformation ideas by inventing the movable-type printing press.
- 26. The 1453 event where the Ottoman Turks captured the capital of the Byzantine Empire, effectively ending the Roman tradition in the East.
- 27. The young French heroine who claimed divine inspiration and led French forces to a pivotal victory at the Siege of Orléans.
- 28. This long-standing conflict between the monarchies of England and France was fought over claims to the French throne.
Down
- 1. This bubonic plague decimated the European population, leading to labor shortages and the eventual decline of serfdom.
- 2. The Genoese explorer whose voyage across the Atlantic initiated permanent contact between Europe and the Americas.
- 4. This author wrote the definitive guide on the etiquette, skills, and "sprezzatura" required to be a true "Renaissance Man."
- 6. The 1527 event where imperial troops mutinied and attacked the Eternal City, marking a symbolic end to the Italian Renaissance.
- 7. This political theorist famously argued that a ruler must be pragmatic and that "the end justifies the means."
- 9. Leonardo da Vinci’s world-famous mural depicting the moment Jesus announces one of his disciples will betray him.
- 11. This intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance focused on the study of classical Greek and Roman texts and the potential of the individual.
- 12. The global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies that followed the European discovery of the Americas.
- 16. This English humanist and advisor to Henry VIII wrote a book about a fictional, ideal society based on reason and cooperation.
- 17. While he was killed in the Philippines, his crew became the first people to successfully sail all the way around the world.
- 20. This leading Northern Humanist and author of In Praise of Folly sought to reform the Church from within through education and piety.
- 22. These "Catholic Monarchs" unified the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile and completed the Reconquista.
- 24. The Dominican friar who wrote a scathing critique of Spanish colonial abuses and defended the rights of Indigenous peoples.
- 25. The Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Inca Empire in South America.