Across
- 2. A neurotransmitter signal that makes an action potential less likely by hyperpolarizing the receiving neuron.
- 5. An inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity and promotes relaxation.
- 7. Psychoactive drugs such as marijuana that typically cause distortions in perception and/or cognition.
- 10. The process by which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft and reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron.
- 11. Neurons in the central nervous system that connect sensory and motor neurons and process information between them.
- 14. A period of time after an action potential during which a neuron cannot fire again, either absolutely (no new action potential possible) or relatively (only with stronger stimulation).
- 16. Neurotransmitters involved in pain relief and the experience of pleasure.
- 17. Neural cells that transmit information throughout the nervous system and are responsible for behavior and mental processes.
- 18. Psychoactive drugs that bind to receptors and encourage neural firing by mimicking or enhancing neurotransmitter effects.
- 19. Psychoactive drugs such as heroin that typically act as pain relievers by affecting pain perception.
- 20. A neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, sleep, and emotional processing.
- 21. A rapid change in a neuron's membrane potential that allows it to transmit signals over long distances.
- 22. Cells in the nervous system that provide structure, insulation, communication, and waste transport to support neural function.
- 25. A state in which repeated use of a psychoactive drug requires increasing doses to achieve the same effect.
- 26. Psychoactive drugs such as alcohol that typically decrease neural activity and slow down the central nervous system.
- 28. A neural pathway in the spinal cord that enables rapid, automatic responses to stimuli without requiring brain involvement.
- 30. Neurons that transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles to produce movement and behavior.
- 33. A hormone involved in social bonding, trust, and reproductive behaviors.
- 36. An excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.
- 38. Substances that alter brain chemistry and affect behavior, mental processes, and consciousness.
- 40. Psychoactive drugs such as caffeine and cocaine that typically increase neural activity and arousal.
- 41. Psychoactive drugs that bind to receptors and discourage neural firing by blocking neurotransmitter effects.
- 42. A chemical messenger released by neurons that transmits signals across synapses to affect the activity of other neurons or cells.
- 43. A hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.
- 44. The process by which neurons communicate through the release and reception of neurotransmitters across synapses.
Down
- 1. The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
- 3. A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, attention, and the stress response.
- 4. A neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, learning, and memory.
- 6. The rule that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all; there is no partial firing of an action potential.
- 8. The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord that processes information and coordinates responses.
- 9. Psychoactive drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic cell, prolonging their effects.
- 12. A neurotransmitter signal that makes an action potential more likely by depolarizing the receiving neuron.
- 13. A hormone that increases appetite and signals hunger to the brain, primarily produced in the stomach.
- 15. A neurotransmitter involved in reward, motivation, movement, and mood regulation.
- 23. A hormone involved in the stress response, increasing heart rate and arousal.
- 24. Negative physical and psychological effects that occur when a person stops using a psychoactive drug to which they are addicted.
- 27. Neurons that transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system in response to stimuli.
- 29. The process by which a neuron's membrane potential becomes less negative, moving toward or past zero, triggering an action potential.
- 31. The stable negative electrical charge of a neuron at rest, typically around -70 millivolts.
- 32. A chemical messenger released into the bloodstream that affects behavior and mental processes similar to neurotransmitters.
- 34. A compulsive pattern of psychoactive drug use that can create significant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is no longer consumed.
- 35. A hormone that decreases appetite and signals satiety (fullness) to the brain, produced by fat cells.
- 37. The minimum level of depolarization needed to trigger an action potential in a neuron.
- 39. A neurotransmitter involved in pain perception and transmission.