Across
- 1. Anaerobic ATP-forming pathway. Pyruvate from glycolysis is degraded to acetaldehyde, which accepts electrons from NADH (acetaldehyde is reduced/becomes more electronegative) to form ethanol; NAD+ needed for the reactions is regenerated.
- 5. A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway
- 8. In a reaction center complex, the molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced
- 10. A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
- 12. A.K.A the Krebs Cycle. A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion. For each turn of this cycle, 2 CO2 released, 1ATP formed (substrate level phosphorylation via GTP intermediate, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 is produced; NADH and FADH2 transports e-'s to electron transport chain.
- 13. Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
- 15. Type of reaction that absorbs free energy from surroundings; because energy is stored in molecules, Gibbs free energy is positive; the reaction is non-spontaneous
- 19. The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
- 20. A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
- 22. A reduced form of NADP+; a source of electrons as "reducing power" that can be passed along to an electron receptor, thereby reducing it. It provides electrons for photosynthesis
- 24. Heat energy
- 25. The distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves
- 26. The energy of motion
- 27. Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
- 30. A reduced form of NAD+. An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP.
- 31. Protein substances that speed up chemical reactions
- 35. The total process of ATP production including the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
- 38. Anaerobic process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two net ATP (makes a total of 4 ATP) and 2 NADH are produced
- 40. Protein structure in cell mitochondria that uses energy from H+ ions to convert ADP to ATP by adding a phosphate group
- 42. A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
- 44. Self-feeder; pertaining to the ability of an organism to produce its own nutrients from inorganic sources obtained from the environment
- 47. Pyruvate from glycolysis is directly reduced by NADH to form lactate/lactic acid and NAD+ as an end product
- 49. Series of proteins embedded in a membrane along which high-energy electrons are transported; as electrons are passed from molecule to molecule, energy is released
Down
- 2. The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds
- 3. Fuid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
- 4. A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate
- 6. A metabolic pathway that requires energy to build a complex molecule from simpler compounds
- 7. Respiration in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is broken down entirely; water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products.
- 9. The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm
- 11. A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics
- 14. Energy available to do work
- 16. A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain or oxygen and that produces ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
- 17. The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site
- 18. A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction
- 21. Energy needed to get a reaction started
- 23. A discrete quantity (quantum) of light energy that behaves like it is a particle
- 27. Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence or absence of oxygen
- 28. Second stage of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to make sugars
- 29. Flattened membrane sacs inside the chloroplast (inner membrane), used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
- 32. Reactions that release energy (spontaneous reaction; neg. delta G)
- 33. The stored energy that matter possesses as a result of its position or internal structure
- 34. Induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate
- 36. The ability to do work
- 37. The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials
- 39. Phase of photosynthesis where energy form light dependent reactions is used to produced glucose and additional ATP molecules; Solar energy is converted to chemical energy
- 41. Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen, sugars and starches
- 43. A chemical reaction that involves the loss of an electron. Oxidation often involves the addition of oxygen and the loss of hydrogen ions
- 45. The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction (the charge of the substance becomes more negative)
- 46. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism
- 48. (Adenosine Triphosphate) Main energy source that cells use for most of their work