Across
- 2. A writing system that uses symbols for entire words or ideas instead of sounds.
- 5. Nouns that are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter, with adjectives or articles that must agree with the noun’s gender.
- 6. A simplified mix of languages created for basic communication between groups, with limited grammar and vocabulary and no native speakers.
- 7. A language legally recognized by a government for use in laws, documents, and public communication.
- 8. When a language changes slowly over time, keeping older grammar, words, or pronunciation.
- 9. A group of languages that come from a common ancestor called a proto-language that often share similar grammar, sounds, or vocabulary.
- 11. A common language used by people with different native languages to communicate in trade, travel, or diplomacy
- 14. The process of cultural blending that happens when people come into contact with another culture, often adopting some parts of it while keeping parts of their own.
- 17. A writing system that uses letters to represent individual sounds or phonemes.
- 19. A branch of the Afro-Asiatic family that share similar grammar, three-letter root patterns, and vocabulary related to religion, farming, and trade.
- 20. A line on a map showing where a particular language feature, such as a pronunciation or word, changes.
- 21. The way words are pronounced, often showing where a person is from or what language they learned first, without changing grammar or vocabulary.
- 22. Changes in a noun’s ending to mark its role in a sentence, such as showing who is doing an action, who receives it, or what something belongs to.
- 23. Languages that developed from Proto-Slavic and share similar grammar, vocabulary, and use of cases to show word roles.
Down
- 1. A full language that develops from a pidgin when it becomes the native language of a community and gains full grammar and vocabulary.
- 3. Languages that developed from Vulgar Latin, the everyday Latin spoken in the Roman Empire, sharing features such as gendered nouns, verb conjugations, and subject-verb agreement.
- 4. When the verb matches the subject in person and number, showing who is doing the action and whether it is singular or plural.
- 10. A process in speech where a sound becomes more like a nearby sound, making pronunciation easier.
- 12. Languages that descended from Proto-Germanic and share similar word order, vocabulary, and grammar, often using strong verbs.
- 13. A type of alphabet that mostly writes consonants, with vowels implied or optional.
- 15. A language that has no known relatives or descendants and does not belong to any language family.
- 16. A regional variety of a language with its own pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar that is still understandable to speakers of the same language.
- 18. A large language family that includes many modern languages, all descending from Proto-Indo-European, which was first spoken in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe.
- 19. A writing system that uses symbols for syllables, representing combinations of sounds rather than single letters.